For the polls.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Let's see how
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that we're trying to to put forward. And what I want to do is something up to each other in general. And then all the challenges that we we we some are
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But before I get into the topic of neon Collider.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right, we should start by motivating what we should think about
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: another experiment, that the hot. And we started with that we all know the standard model right. This is how we currently describe our universe at the smallest level platforms. Make stuff up. We have the the carriers, everything mass
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right. And we know that this house works very well through the case of different experiments, and in my summer this year the the app was resolved with control to compatibility with the different processes between the standard model and data, and wanting to point out this is multiple order of 9, right? So the standard model is very good.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: No, for the very common.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Everything's consistent. And so at this point we're done something else.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, we know that there are programs outside, especially when you look at absolutely observations.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for example, the obvious one is that matter? You know, we have these 12 of mass in the universe that we cannot observe
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: makes some people they are comfortable and right also, there's no account for gravity.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? So even though everything we see so far in our experience system. You know, they're still outside.
This is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? And I think it's not that we don't know what possible solutions we solve are. But the problem is that there are just too many solutions
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to all all of these problems, right? Ranging from super symmetry, right? With models, or even. And what's even more important is, you should consider these these slack areas, that which is even considered.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And one thing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: collier experiments is that they can be quite generic. Right? If you look at a physics program of the collier experiment, it's very. We can pass
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? We do measurements, you know, on electronic sector, on the eggs, on book physics. There's a very extensive program, for beyond the standard model searches vibrating from from Susie to having trimos to to long with particles.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and yeah, and this is quite useful. Right? If you don't know where to look, which is the sketch on the previous slide that I try to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to put forward right usually only one experiment to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to look on any series or the other way I like, put it, is that for collider experiment the only limitation is the energy and your imagination.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Right? Example being again longer particles like this, is that program that just exploded over the last few years
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and has many results.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yeah, this is why I think letters are much better than so solar experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, one thing you might want to say at this point is right.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You know, we already have a collider. Right, we have the team, and what's more, you don't even, you know, you're halfway down with the Ms program, right? Both in terms of time and the data right? And 20
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 30 years, we plan to start need ahead of the Lhc program which will run for about 10 more years. And what's more, that's where we'll get
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: most of our database is the factor of 10 more data than we have now. Right? So we're clearly not done with the current provider. And so a lot of what I'll be talking about next. In a way, it's a bit like reading Tvs, but we're trying to make assumptions on the on the results. But we've seen the next few years
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but at the same time, right now is also the time to think about what we will do for each other. Let's see right? The the time scale.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or to build facilities to put collars is very long. So quite large machines are quite complicated.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? And and the usual. Exactly. See here, Lxc. Started while first proposed was 1984, right? And then into operation in 2,007. Right? So it was all the 25 year time between, you know, starting to plan for it to operation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And if you look at all the timelines of all the different proposed future experiments
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? They are planning to start right after it grappling with 2040. But this is either. If you look at the Fcc program concern, or even the Ilc and also about
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we're trying to propose for the new employer. So at this time scale right now, it's time to start making the plans and proposal and all the different technical designs.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The other thing I won't point out to program is that we are really changing right. And what I mean by that is that if you look at the space from physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can sort of sketch it home to access
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right on one axis. We have the mass scale. That's what the mass will do articles, and on the other one you have the topics so you know how well the new particles coupled to this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And to go to search on Master Axis to go higher. Right? You need more energy
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? And this is really what the run one to run through transition and relax. He was right. We went from 8 TV to the 30,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: getting a large assets to the new part. So. however, when you go from Hlc to each other, let's see people be colliding roughly at the same right. The only thing that will change is the amount of data we that we get.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So instead of looking for much more energetic particles, we will start looking for rare processes. And in these cases it's usually not a direct search for physics is an indirect search by from precision measurements or very rare processes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and just sort of give you an idea, the discovery potential. I like to show this dark matter exclusion blocked from one of research.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But on the X-axis we have the mass. Okay, that vertical on the Y-axis. You have the the cross section
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this line here is the I plus 7 d result, the dash one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then the blue line here is 14 TV projection all the time for 300. So below the standard for what? The the run free. Lx. Delivered right, and you can see that there was a
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they jump here, and it's not accountable just by the difference in any statistics. Then, if you were to operate to the same search in the hydrogen programs. 10 times more data. You go from the blue line to the red line, right? So very small chat. And this will just highlight that for direct search for direct sensibility to bsm. really,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what matters? It's it's the image. With more data. You will just start doing research measurements. But you will. You'll be able to measure things like precisely so this is a projection for the hex guidelines in this case on just under production modes from round 2 shown in red. Well, the projector is over the end of
go ahead. Take John.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that is, you say.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: indirect searches? And be quite useful.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and a bookable document
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: here I have the same kind of a sketch, but in this case, instead of just looking at the different areas of the Lfc program, I'm looking at the different proposed future providers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Again, mass, scale up plane. And let's see if you say it's somewhere roughly here, right for a future movie collider, you will be going up in in the mass scale right? The other approach that you can try to do is you can try to build a Hicks factory. So basically, an electron Collider up to try to do precision measurements of the Hicks which can be quite useful, because in a way, it's still interactively new particle and place a very special role in the standard model
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that by itself can actually be
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: quite beautiful. This is again a sketch from the theories. Same thing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But in this case we're looking more at limits, and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there are 2 ways to sort of search for new physics. One is direct searches, and let's say you don't see anything, can. And you set a limit up to a certain mass scale. That's all available by your provider. You can try to go beyond that by looking at
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: by doing the indirect measurements. And again, it hits because of its novelty, special place in the standard as a good one. There you can make sort of exclusion plots like this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: where?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: just by looking at the record sections.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And what that is, our series, friends tell us is, if you go from a 1% precision on on the Hicks couplings to a 1% precision on the Hicks couplings which can be possible with this, the Higgs factories
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can end up overriding the Lt limits just with a low energy sector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the number here to keep in mind is is 1%. That's sort of the the goal that people are thinking for for Higgs visits.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So with this in mind, I would say, for any future possibility. There are really 2 goals
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that we want to have in mind. One is what I just said, measurement of the exposure thing 1% and there. Here. It's showing different predictions for the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and of the hlx, or for Cms.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can see that for most we will only get to one, right? So if you want to go to 1%, we need something else.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We also want to look at the cell coupling and the Higgs width both of which will be quite difficult to measure. Yeah, and see.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the other one is, if you see some variations in any of the properties from what's expected in the center model. Right? You still want some kind of a direct confirmation of this option caused by physics, not not something else. Right? So at the same time, you would also like to have a plan for a high energy program to the company.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so there are like multiple facilities that have been proposed with these goals in mind.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or Cpc program proposing China one thing that they have in common is that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: even though the the final thing is that we haven't planned it to do this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: high energy, direct search capability, they all have an election electron wider as a first stage with the identity. And that's we get all the precision case measurements done. And then for that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 50 fifth have a piece.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Roughly, the friend explains what we have.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Another proposal are linear electron providers right? And in this case you only get
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: precision measurements. See if there's any deviations. And then we set aside. Okay, what do you do do afterwards?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then the third choice. And this is what I've been involved in acquire. Here. Usually you think about 3 to 10 Pv. I would say, you know, like 10 TV is perhaps not gonna decide to be the baseline that meets the goals. That. I don't know the previous slide
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? And the idea between a new collider is that it's a collider. So in principle, you have the the green backgrounds of an electron collider. But with neurons behavior, you can accelerate them to higher energies. And so you can also have the reach Collider
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: However, the thing is, we haven't built.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we don't accelerated before
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so quite a bit is required to actually build that and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there, really, I would say, now, I'm gonna start switching to talking about the new provider and there are really 3 challenges that you should consider putting lighter the first one is the physics right? Can we actually do physics at a new provider that satisfied the goals that I mentioned earlier than there's no point
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the second things. Once you come into yourself that you can do the physics. But is it? Can you build the accelerator itself? And what does it say?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then the third one is once, you know, can you have an experiment a new collider that works with those collisions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so what I'm going to write to do is go through all of these categories but the one I'll mainly focus on is it's a involved with.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: okay? So starting with physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so one thing that I mentioned was that the new own provider has an energy reach that can be comparable to that of a hundred TV problem. Provider
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and one of the reasons that's possible is that protons are composite particles. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you're not actually gliding if you think about open sparks.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, for neons, there are continental particles. So when I say, we apply TV,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's the actual center map of mass energy for explosions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so there's a nice propaganda plot here. Trust, we wish created this is trying to show contours for constant cross section, for a given center of mass energy on the X-axis. You have the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we own, we own, central mass energy on the energy that this one step during right is to do scattering right? And so roughly.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if you look up to see what intersect a hundred TV program. Collider is the same thing as 10 or 20 TV, you know. So that's sort of one of the personal ways for this number of 10 TV comes from one thing to point out, though, this is bit of a propaganda plot which is to say, right. One of the other individuals that we're not actually colliding at it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Fixed energy. Are you scanning a whole range of energies?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that's really what gives you this discovery potential
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: while an immune collider right? Even though you're colliding at a fixed energy, you still have access to other part of the masses. Since most of your process are actually scattering.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Not not only a certain all.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: hey.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but yeah. So to actually see what kind of performance you have, for you know your fix physics case, you actually have to do the what I try to do for the rest of the section is just go to the 3 different categories of common popular series, and just show you how the reach of immune lighter compares. Is that what we we
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: public proposals.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: starting with dark matter.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's an exclusion plot or projected exclusion plot on the X axis. You have your mass on the Y axis. You have, you know, different possible collider experiments
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: no. And projection is, let's say, somewhere here Fcc. Change is somewhere here. And you can say, with that, you know, we get around to TV while attending collider would be this option there. And there you again, you get around to exclusions off to the TV.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so it's quite comparable to the Fcc change
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the other thing I should point out before I get too much areas. Right? I'm just showing a random example, plots. And right.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The actual question, What is the model doesn't necessarily matter here. It's just an example to show you the the reach. And, of course, for a specific move. Everyone you would have to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to look at the study.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The other one is choosing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Again, similar idea on the X-axis. You have the maps reach of of some representative particle in in the Suzi
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the different squares correspond to different configurations of of the pursuit parameters, and in the different colors
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: are different Koire experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the ones when we have feature providers, the ones that compare are the orange, which corresponds to 10 TV on provider. And I believe it's ping, yeah, which is the XCH. Right? And but for this is you have better reach. And in this case I would say, if you compare Orange with with ping in quite a lot of the scenarios you have comparable, some of them. The Fcc. Does do a bit better.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Same thing with composite Higgs. In this case, Neon Collider does basically do much better than all the experiments that's in this case. We have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: very clean backgrounds. And you can do precise measurements of electronic
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and I think the last sort of theory that I want to show is just generate. Bsm, is E prime, right? So imagine you have an an extra boson. This couplings required so light bones
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you do something by mass. Search. X axis is the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the coupling, and on the on the x-axis you have the mass of your Z prime Fcc. Is here. This bump here is. That's what we have direct production
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: well, up here we have indirect by doing precision measurements for the easy spectrum and immune collider. It does very well up, very high energies. Even much better than S. Cch, again, because it has very clean backgrounds using a platform collider.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay. So that was in terms of the Sm. Now I have a few slides on on the X physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One thing to point out right, we're talking about the 10 TV Collider. We're not talking about the 125 to be Collider. He won't be running exposed
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: instead of producing it directly. We will be producing Higgs, yeah, back to both. Scattering. You can see the different cross sections as a function of central mass energy here with the main one being Www. To Hicks.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you should remember right, the 3 key couplings that we want to get at its couplings are of point 1%. We want to do the hex self coupling and also do the the Higgs fifth
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: just sort of us a bit of a trivia you wanna know how many exposure to make us a different
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: proposers and TV, you will make the operation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So let's start with Captain's and Hicks with here. I'm trying to summarize the precision that the project that you can get to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the different couplings, the different options in green. I highlighted the one which gets you towards less than 1%. So maybe not to let go on one better than what we can do on the Lxc program. And you can see that the new collider get down to quite a few of them
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with the exception of the the very rare complex which is where you actually need more statistics. And that's where Fcc, hh, actually, benefits just from that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That you get including the the hicks. With that one we can get to around 1.5
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so in a way, this is compatible or competitive with the Fcc program.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The other one is the Higgs self coupling. So this is actually very nice illustration from from a few theorists which is folks about the decision that we have on the Higgs potential
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? With the current sensibility that we have to make stopping of the point of lg, now, right? This is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what we know about Hicks, potential right? And right in principle it would look like a we think it looks like the the Mexican hatchet. But with our current precision, right? We don't know if it's there's actually met maximum in the same right, for all we know that could be under the mean in default. So we really don't know anything of the Hicks potential right now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: after the Hlc program, this is what we believe it to look like. No, much better. But still, right the center, we have no idea look like. So we don't really know if
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right there's a maximum gear, as we think, or something else
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but then the immune provider that's where we try to solve that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and really getting to this kind of precision, you either need fcc a change or a, you know provider, right? So to actually do it with measurement of the X coupling. We do need a in the future.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's on on the physics case.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, moving on to the accelerator, and what are the challenges there? And so here I will be rather shallow, since the accelerator is under my specialty. But I think at least useful to explain how we accelerate what are any challenges?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But if you want to know more about it, there's quite a big involvement from from from the guys that Isis, what can drive a lot of the program here. Just wanna learn more. And what the guys 100 meters over.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay. So here, I just want to show a table with some of the specifications that we have for possible proposals.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Again, the the main baseline is, and TV one, which is sort of what we get from the physics case.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The ring we have to bill is 10 kilometers it has to be as small as possible, right? Because we own Stark. So you want to be able to collide them as much as possible
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: before 8 30 K, so that means shortering to program the other one is, you have only one bunch, right? So there's no pile up. It's really just one bunch that's going around and providing
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: every other rate of 300 to one the other thing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Bulimal City has been put here. It's foreign at the Barnes per year and the number scales with different study that I choose to make constant to to do scattering.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is what the accelerator concept looks like.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There is a much nicer figure than this are now. It's quite an old figure, but I still like it for explaining things. And the bigger picture hasn't changed for a while.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you have multiple stages the first one is a proton driver and the front end this is where you actually make the new ones that that you provide. But then the idea is you have a proton accelerator. You accelerate the protons. You hit some kind of a target. When you hit the target, you make pounds, the pilots decay, and one of the products is, and then you just grab those muons
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: once you have those zooms from the decay. Right? They're kinda going all over the place. You have to pull them. You have to make very small punches, and that's where the cooling section comes in. You have to quote the meals for transversely and multicolling
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: once you have your bunches. Then you have an acceleration stage where you accelerate the new owns, and once you reach the necessities sub energy put into a much smaller ring and you collide them before they they only have.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what are the main challenges here? I think the one that most people talk about is cooling right? Because that's something that's everything rather rare to me, wider.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the problem there is that the way that they're proposing to the new tooling is by having a lot of our cavities with
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Axolot. Well, with a magnets very close by together, right? And by close by, I mean, this has to be as short as possible, cause you have to. You want to get to the acceleration stage as fast as possible. Right? Because you want to add, this is really where you increase the the lifetime in the landfill.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it turns out that having you basically end up quenching the magnets.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The other issue is on the front end with the target to get to the number of meals that you want, you have to hit the target with a lot of protons, which means a lot of power. So we need something that can be a Watts of protons
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the proposals that have been prototype are either having impacts on Holder right? So one of the main issues with having a lot of energy on the target is you end up having stresses, and your target breaks apart. But if your things, already broken apart like a powder, right? That's not an issue
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or similar, you can think about liquid metal
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so who are people working on it? So this whole concept, the picture that I took was originally came from where there was the the map program that ended in 2016. A lot of the work was picked up here cooling experiment, where they managed to build a prototype, also that whole sort of a single segment of the cooling stage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And now, recently, there's a new funding. As for the international collaboration as of last year where they're trying to design a demonstrator for a full stage. And that's led by the actual part is being led by someone here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One thing also good to keep in mind is that while there's a lot of R&D that's necessary. we should also try to think about synergy with other experiments. How much of this energy? How much of this other day is actually useful for other things!
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there was quite a nice workshop of last year. Technologies that we need. How do they
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: outcomes for a lot of it to other projects.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and a very common one that comes up is a high intensity. Neutrino factory. So this is very old annoying. Now it's called New Storm. But the thing is, if you make a high if you can make a very high intensity, and let those decay, then those are very high intensity, called neutrinos
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like very, and and those are good for my experiments, and the thing is to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the the concept of new stone. The first few stages are the same thing as for a new collar. The only difference is that we don't actually have to pull them, and then we put them in a storage ring with a very long
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's very long legs. So all your all your
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's all. This time it is beyond class. I'm the only thing. But I think
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the other thing that's always so interesting to talk about is tradition, safety? So right so you get a lot of neutrinos coming out, and mainly because your
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right. Your meeting is so nicely defined. Circle a lot of the decays happen in plaincluster. So you have very high intensity of neutrinos getting everything around.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and usually you think about like neutrinos that we interacting with, they're not a problem. They just go through everything.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But it turns out that the intensity of so high that if you have a certain distance you do end up going above the limit. The legal limit for radiation doses
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? And the problem is that you cannot just fill this easily. So again interact. And if anything putting material in the way the few notions that will interact.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they will result in high energy secondaries. And I believe that's actually where that variation of program comes from.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so there are few medications that are being proposed under development more of a practical one, that much of an issue. You just be a bit as you go around the ring like such that that we don't have a very culminated
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we want to try. Not that as much better experts.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then they seem to conduct by these samples.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so now moving on to the detector. And just to spoil is one of the the main themes here will be being in use. Background right? And this being used. Background is right.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as I just said, latrine's decay. And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so you have this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But Cloud will start coming within your group, getting a bit better.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that's one of the main things is, how do we actually deal with that?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, right? So this is the detector that we're using for all of our studies. It's based on the click detector which we inherited as part of our software framework.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I wish you just put theirs and done with it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The detector itself is, I would say, quite a standard. Only detector already. Have a tracker in the middle, using an old silicon one that's surrounded by an ultramaric elementor, surrounded by 100 and then surrounded by spectrometer.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So nothing too unique.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The only thing that's unique to us is this blue triangle, which are pants and nozzles that we try to use to shield against this Bb use background.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And one thing to point out is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for a long time we have been using a 1.5 TV central mass energy for our study studies and we're just now transitioning to this 10 TV baseline. So all of the results that you, I will show you will see the number 1.5 TV. And that's why it is. But at the same time, all of the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: detector effects I talk about are very similar to 10 TV.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the message will remain the same
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right being in this background. So, yeah, me on the case, me on me, on beans. The case
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you get the high energy electron that can hits anything it can. So anything in your beam lines that produces a lot of secondaries. And so in the end you have adjusted stuff that travels with your beam enters a detector, causing hits.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have 2 main mitigation strategies against it. One is this tungsten nozzle nozzle which is put around the beam, and so anything that sharks go to the beam. Gets stopped by it right? And the idea is that you know the black things that you see here in simulation are being used.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and it does seem to work quite well in this plot. Here you see in black the energy spectrum of different particle species in the being used background. Without the nozzle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's what reaches your detector. And then in red is what happens if you add the north right. And so what you left is for most of them is variable energy contributions, with the exceptions of of neutrons which still do get through.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the second 1 s habit that we have is precision, timing, information.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But if you have precision timing with all of your hits, you can look at the time of flight, of of those hits and comp the time of flight prediction of it, and see if it's compatible from product from from the center. But your collision occurred, or from somewhere on the outside, and I'll talk bit about more this in a bit. But just to show you here is the tracking detector occupancy, the different layers in blue. It's without any timing hits, timing information, and in oranges, if you
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: require a 30 pico second timing resolution
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at the vertex layers or 65 s in the optimal layers. Right? So maybe a factor of 3 reduction.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: How do we simulate the being you use background so you take your beams. You let them decay, and then we pro propagate the decay products using in in a model of our beam line this is done using interface with this line builder interface.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then whatever particles gets to our detector which is mobile as this black box here get picked up by jam to simulate the response inside of that are here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, we have the validate and devil the setup, using 1.5 TV, and more energy points are being added now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yeah, here is. and energy spectrum of the particles that actually gets to your detector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now to talk a bit more about detector. This is the tracking detector that we're assuming. We're assuming all silicon. There's the vertex detector in the middle where we assume pixels, 25 by 25 micrometers squared and 30 picoseconds timing resolution at this point we're using these doublet layers, basically, 2 sensors separated by 2
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is something that came from from the click design where apprentice was useful for them to get very good easier resolution for for being as on measurements.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In our case, it's also very useful, as you'll see, to fight against Vimy's background. But for a 10 TV detector we are planning to reuse that amount. Cause building. This, I think, would be quite annoying.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's the vertex detector that's surrounded by the inner tracker. We have Macro pixels for 50 micrometers by 1 and a slightly higher time resolution for 30 people seconds.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then the outer trucker
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: micro scripts, 50 micrometers by 10 us. And again, 60 people.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These are the different layers that you have, and all of this is put into a 3.5 7 Tesla magnetic field.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And one thing to again just say 40 tracking here, that is to say, precision, space information. That's 3 dimensions and one precision timing dimension. It will be critical
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this is the amount of material that we currently have in inside our model.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it does include services at at some level.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now to talk about what happens when the being used background sees our tracking detector. Well, first, there's just a comparison with with the app plus upgrade that that you're building on the left. You have immune collider detector concept on the right of one of the the Itk layouts. And if you look fancy up comparable you get the numbers in the table here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so if you look at the innermost layer for itk, we expect around point 6 hits per millimeter squared
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for collision, I mean, believe. Well, for the new and collider the inert layer we expect around 4 per 1 million square. Right? So. And even the same idea is, if you look at the other layers, there's a factor of 10 difference between that right or put it underway. This is that data rate and occupancy that we know how to handle now from all the R. And d. 11 to the at plus and Cms upgrades.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But for a new collider it's going to be 10 times much worse. And this is after timing comes
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: story, high data rate that you might start to think about. Well, you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what does this mean for radiation damage doesn't mean the radiation damage will be 10 times worse. But it turns out that's actually not the case.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because all of these particles that enter a detector are quite low energy, so they don't cause too much radiation damage. Here's the result of a focus simulation. And here is a comparison in the in most layers for different environments. And if you look at
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 10 TV of the settings will be a 1.5 TV 1 million collider. The number doesn't change so much for Mtv. One.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The levels, either in terms of a neutron equivalent which gives you displacement damage or Pid which gives you electronics damage right for for the for the displacement damage, it's equivalent to hlls. So basically, things we're building now would influence for work on the young collider
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: while induction makes in terms of tid. It's, you know, orders of magnitude smaller. And this is, I think, one of the other reasons that immunify has an advantage over S. Cch. If you look at the same numbers for S. Cch.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There is also an order of magnitude different from H. Lac. But it's different the wrong direction. It's a much harder radiation environment. So significant. Rb, will be just required
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for that to get a detector working there. Well, Premier and quieter, we don't have that program.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, now. So how? What kind of effect. So how can further use to be in this background?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think it's quite useful. Po, couple of advantage of your station.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's because
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: their being with this background is quite different from Pilot Lhc, right? Pilot, Wc, it's just 100 different collisions happening somewhere in the center of the detector. At the same time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so it's just all our real charged particles that are coming from the center. They just happen in a different collision. Well, for a Vm use background. They're not coming from the center of the collision. They're coming from the outside. So they're not.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: let's say, charged particle tracks us. One little thing. And so we talked about timing. How you can use that in time of light. The other one is, you have already pointing information in your, in your sensor, in your pixels.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and in terms of the the clusters, size, and shape.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the idea is, if the particle came from the center and went out centrally. Right. You only hit a single pixel if it came from the center, and but when at an angle it would hit multiple pixels. And then if something started on the outside, and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when somewhere in the center, you will also hit multiple pixels
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you can see that effect here, which shows with the pixel size in
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: red. You have it for single neurons. So very nice, sharpie, while in the blue you have it for being in use background. You can see that they're quite different. And it turns out if you just tap on the single variable, you can keep about 99% of your hits coming from collisions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: While you reject about half of the premiums background
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in principle, you can also do a similar trick with the cluster charge, although that comes with quite a bit of caveats like us. The cluster charge depends on also the particle mass or the mass momentum ratio. And so things like swallowing particles which some of the Psm. Searches like.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but we won't have a very good efficient for those.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: yes, okay, so how do we reconstruct tracks? We have 2 algorithms that we have been using? The first one is the one that came from the click software and was optimized for a very clean e plus e minus environment. The idea there is at the first stage you remove as many of the previous background hits as you can, either using timing or it's classroom information or or doublet layers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then you do a conformal transform right? Because if your track in the transverse plane is a circle in the conformal plane, if you look like straight line and it's easy to look for straight lines and then use the cellar. I'll automatically to look for any deviations from a straight line right to be Youtube detector scattering. Or if your circle call doesn't start at the at the very center for the displaced particle that could be my zoom.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That will also not look like a straight line in the phone from playing. So you just use the solar ultimate algorithm
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to the for for your track candidates, it's basically the pattern recognition stage of the tracking construction. And once you have your candidate a prototype, you do a chat fix, using common filter to extract your
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so that algorithm work quite well in the click software or for all the click studies but it turns out that in the mute client environment, because of these background
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: doesn't work so well. I mean, if you let it run it does complete. And you do have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: quite a good track reconstruction that you shouldn't see.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And and this is the resolution. However, it takes a long time to run, because we just have too many combinatorics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Basically, it takes one week to reconstruct this event. anyway, that's not very practical at all.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so we have initially 2 ways to try to help it a bit
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one was region of interest. See the tracking this was mainly for bjits, the idea being that first you do jet reconstruction using color meter only. You use that to define your original interest, and then you only look for tracks using hits inside the jet call the other one is using doublet layers which I mentioned earlier, and the idea here is very similar to that called using the the digitized.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The University of Nation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which is, you look for hits in the 2 layers which are close by possible, which are close by. You draw a straight line through it, and you see how far
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: from the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: from the interaction point at that point.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and it turns out that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you cut quite tightly on your definition of public points. You can get down to 2 min per event
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that is basically on part with what you would get in. In.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so now we have tracks. We also try to develop some rudimentary be tagging algorithms
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can see the reconstructed secondary vertex
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for different types of jets in blue, in in black. It's light jets in blue. It's features. And you can see that there's a separation and this is just to show, you know, very rough meeting efficiency for about 5%
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like a rejection efficiency. So if you reject 95% of your lives, you get around 50% of your of your beach identified. And this is just a very rudimentary algorithm. But I like to to show you that, hey, I've already started developing these things.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But at the same time. This also be a problem with this double layer filtering because it induces a bias.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? Not all charged particles come from the beam spot, especially ones that live for a bit, such as we met zones.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And what you can see in this plot here. It's the bias that we see now in our current reconstruction chain. It's the number of tracks associated to A, BJ.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Without double layer filtering, and then with double a filtering as a function of the track. P. 0. So proxy for how far it went before it started.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you can see that without double a filtering, we have about
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 50% more tracks than with double a filtering so or put it out away. We lose a third of our tracks. We do this filter.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it's not ideal.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: For other reasons, we have looked into different algorithms, and the one that we ended up sticking with and held quite a bit of is triplets to Ck coming out to a common filter. But this is the same algorithm that's used by the act plus experiment. Or, to put it at the way. It's optimized for high it multiplicity. So something more like a new and quieter than
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: than an election collider. This is how it works.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: First, we have very similar global hit selection to try to reduce hits as much as possible. But in this case we are not using the the layers that was like filtering. I mean, we still use the hits from them, cause they're there. But they're not used to filter than the hits.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then you have the seating stage, all possible combinations of 3 hits and part of the detector. In this case, only using the vertex detector. You do some very rudimentary fits to a helix and see if that fit was good. Does it look like it's compatible with the track? If it is, use the very RAM entry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fit to to see your coming up to the common filter. And what that does is it just propagates the your pro protote track through the detector, and then at each layer it looks to see are there any hits in the predicted predict position? If they are, you add them to your track and continue. And if there are multiple hits but you just create the brush, get 2 tracks and continue.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have not implemented this algorithm ourselves. We are using the Acts library, which is an experiment, independent version of tracking instruction algorithms. And this is quite nice.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because it made it very easy. Last Us. Algorithm, we have to break very little code.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And what's more important, I would say, the one thing that's harder than tracking constructing code is writing efficient code, and I think that's the other bit benefit that Sts gives you like. If you look at it, it's the demo of work I've been optimizing is quite crazy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and just to give you an idea, if you just look at a straight common filter that's really some other way to to do your pattern recognition. Just get hits associated with the track. And then you run a common filter.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you run acts on my computer. It takes around 5 ms per track.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And if you use the Ilc software version, which is what we're using from the click software, it takes 100 times longer. It takes 100 ms for track And so a lot of the performance gains that we've seen a bit. It's not clear is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we're just using a better algorithm. Or it's because the code itself is much, much better.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yeah, one of the reasons I want to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to say this is that. You know, these experiment libraries, like acts, are actually very beneficial.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so how well does this combinator common filter work? So out of the box? No filtering 4 min payment. So something that's practically are with this other experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the the seating parameters are still bit tight, but there's quite a bit of room for optimization. For example, the seating has a very narrow collision region so you could sort of think of if you end up having a very similar bias
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but it doesn't seem to be that bad. This shows you the track reconstruction efficiency as a function of the particle production radius right? And you do end up having, you know, below 10 you end up having 80 to 50% of your tracks with being in this background.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if you look at particles coming from your from your beam spot. So in this case it was single. Meo me on guns you end up having, you know, 99, 90% of construction efficiency with being background. So it works quite well
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one carrier is that you do end up having a lot of fake tracks from this random combination of these background hits. But it turns out it's quite easy to remove them just by looking
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of the number of layers where you see the hit. And basically for 80 tracking efficiency, you have less than one fake free event.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so that's what I wanted to say about trackers. Now, I have a bit about the color metrics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is what we have in our detector model right now. Electromagnetic calamit for right, 60 layers so plastics into layer and still absorber. And then we have hadron calamity, which is 40 layers of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: thanks. An absorber with 2 sensors
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and what we see in the picture here is the hit multiplicity as a function of radius
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The belief is for a single event. With beaming loose backgrounds.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So how do we fight? The beam? Use background with orometer? One is we do still. Rely on a precision timing, but in this case precision timing is more on the order of 100 ms or so.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Right here is your time of arrival in one of the electromagnetic layers. The blue is is some process, some collision, while red is your background, and you see blue cutout.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a big chunk another shape is the shape of the shower in red again, is the being just background. It tends to be more central, more in the first few layers while in the while the anything from a collision tends to be more evenly distributed or more towards the end of your color.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's one handled through some of the hits. The other one is that the Vmus background is sort of a uniform smaring right? This is basically what the energy position looks like.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we can think that you just take this as an average energy and just crack it out right?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's what we do we subtract 1 7 mev. From each of the clusters and what the left fifties, we believe?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you know single well hits from from the pollution.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so we have the color mentor. We can reconstruct our jets. So at this stage we were still using the the first algorithm with with the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: conformal and cellular automatons. And so we need a regional interest tracking right? And so the first stage we could get into matter. Only
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then we put out tracking, using kids with within the region of interest.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then we combine the information from the caller mentor and the tracks using a particle algorithm. This time using the the Pandora library.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And here you'll see the the jet energy resolution. Just to give you an idea. I it's not as good, I would say. This is just a comparison between Hicks Peak and a zoom peak we're both on the. So it's kinda hard to tell them apart and here is just to can see that we also started to look at
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: missing energy. So a lot of our time was spent on tracking. And that's not stage. And so what we're working on next is is basically jets and other objects. So while this doesn't look so nice out of the box, it's still quite early, and there's a lot of room to optimize and try to innovate on on the algorithms.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We also have electron photons that we looked at again. This is using under our particle flow algorithm.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: here you have the the reconstruction efficiency. For I believe photons right? 95%, even with being used. Background energy resolution is around 20. And you have similar results. If you look at the electron. And here you can see the the Miss tag rate for a photon to to electron Misa identification.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we'd be able to set to to look at these.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, Muon spectrometer.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so the nice thing about email spectrometer is just most of it is right on the outside that we we use background doesn't reach it. It's really in the innermost layers about innermost endcaps
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that, you end up having a lot of hits. So it's not as much of an issue for the new for me on spectrum addresses, for for the telemetry or the trackers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can really just suppress those using geometry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah? And then, if you look at the Me on the construction efficiency, it's quite high, and there's just a few flaws also showing the same thing. But in a physics, mob licenses
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: exotic Hicks, or maybe just no. Yeah, this is exotic.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the idea is that you do for your algorithm, you your seating in the spectrometer, and then you extrapolate to the inner tracker, which is where? Which is basically with the beams backgrounds.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so that's
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what a neon glider looks like and how it would work. I think it's also good to highlight
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: all of the work that it would be excused. And just to show that right, it's just not mean there's quite a few people interested in it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the way I got involved in the Glider project was when I was still in the Us.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there we have the the snow mass process. So for those familiar with them. It's sort of similar to the European strategy process where every few years we get some time our actual job to think about. You know the future of physics in in America, and basically do any of our studies that that we want?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this is divided into different categories. And the one that's usually of interest to particle physicists, especially for collider experiments, is the energy frontier.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and if you look at them with contributions about a third of them where to port, and this is where all of the results that I was showing you were derived.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Also, if you want bit more information. We do also have a paper out which has a lot of this. Give a bit more detail copy on Collider.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But so once you make all these reports, it goes to a panel of experts that sort of read through them and make a bunch of recommendations. And right. The report came out at the end of last year, I believe, and there was actually quite a somewhat good news for the Collider
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and I tried to hide the relative part is that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they want to have an R&D program, that is, goes towards a thin TV patron petron center of mass Collider. And so it doesn't say explicitly on Collider, but the hint of 10 TV, which is basically what we figure out to be the baseline part of the snow mass process.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the fact that it's a smartphone instead of a proton gives you hint that this is what they're thinking towards, and they are then more explicit in the next sentence, right? Which is that they do want to look at immune provider options that you could potentially build other from right. So why not? Being an explicit, this gives quite a lot of support that is good, it's good, and that we should be more serious in and trying to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to figure out how to build it. It's also not only American.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's there was, is there is this international neon collider collaboration which was resurrected as part of the last European strategy update. It's also by concern. And this is actually what were quite a lot of work for the small mass process coming into, especially on the detector side.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it covers all the necessary out of areas. So accelerator physics. And yeah, this has really been the the main driver for the experiment group, or both phone on the detectors and accelerators. And there's not also funding. We have this new Co new call project, the the important part of the being a proposed design for for a demonstrator, for for
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: usually, when you think about future clients, how are you guessing's good last feature. Yeah, there's, I think, 2 more slides
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at its coast. This is, I took from one of the snow mass slides right? It's projecting calls for future facilities. So you can, you know, put water on 21 on this is, it's quite large.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but hopefully to at least give you the right ratio between different projects.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whatever it is. Kevin. See here. But I compare it to the Sshh. the cost is this a column? Right? It's about a factor of 2 cheaper
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and okay, last thing I do, right? Cause there's multiple proposals I do like to end up. Why, I think I mean quite. There's a very good option by saying what the other one is. Not a very good option
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one is right. I talked about this background what it's like in this to deal with. Well, it turns out Fcc. H. Has a much bigger mess. You believe it's having a much higher luminosity instead of luminosity, and to deal with the pile up there, you need 5 people second time in your resolution, plus much high radiation damage by with mere and quieter, low radiation damage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: much more time requirements.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The other one is quite often you hear, you know how to build. Sshh! It's just a big tunnel that you fill with current cavities.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's not necessarily true, right? The magnets we have now do need some work, and what's more important, is not not fully comments that we can actually then build a hundred coordinator Tamil. If you look at the list of longest channels, right?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This will put it basically top 3 and all the other tunnels are not, you know, instrumented tunnels. They're just basically about it back products. They're completely filled with fire. So I don't not convince that the civil engineering problem is fully solved, and it also ends up being quite expensive.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah. So conclusion I won't go through all of this. But I think the the idea is that new client is a competitive proposal. As a next generation possibility, while the physics case itself is not 100%. It's close enough to guarantee. You know, 2 states. It's not from the fact that it's just simple
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one of the main challenges. I think about the detector side is right in physics. I use a lot of term precision. One, while on the detector side was talking to the view on beaming this background which creates someone on environment. And so I think this is the main thing that we still need to come to. Everyone is that we know how to deal with the be maybe just background to actually satisfy the goals.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yeah, there's also, if any of this was interested to we do have a community that. We're trying to start up. We have catch ups every first Monday of the month up 3, and there's there's a mailing list.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So thank you.