STFC-RAL-CR03: Thank you very much for inviting me to this seminar. So, as mentioned before, we're going to come from the Qtn. And collaboration. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: quantum technologies for nutrients. So in this talk.
STFC-RAL-CR03: we're gonna start off with a little bit of introduction to the physics of neutrino, the neutrino mass. And why?
STFC-RAL-CR03: It's important. I think it's important. Talk about the current
STFC-RAL-CR03: current measurements we have of the absolute, nutrient mass.
STFC-RAL-CR03: why, we think an additional by way of trying to make an additional more sensitive
STFC-RAL-CR03: measurement disparity
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then tell you a little bit about
STFC-RAL-CR03: that keeps you in collaboration on how we hope to achieve. An improved nutrient session.
Ask.
STFC-RAL-CR03: yeah, that's good. That'd be okay. Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So just a bit of background. So just to explain the shape of the so
STFC-RAL-CR03: if it's okay on the upper right here, you can see
STFC-RAL-CR03: 32 initially, volume 10. So in which case you expect to see this delta function in red over here?
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then, we actually observed, was this continuous spectrum line that was 8.
STFC-RAL-CR03: A third body exting the excuse me, okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: this was then directly detected by Carmen Rains, 1956, and as the 20 century went on we discovered 3 flavors corresponding to the 3 charge laptop. And initially, these all appear to be masks.
Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: in the late twentieth century we began to find evidence from atmospheric solar reactor and accelerating neutrino experiments. Which will reverse you can
STFC-RAL-CR03: confirmed the existence of neutrino oscillations.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And so this
STFC-RAL-CR03: let's say the awarded the 20 fifteenth rise. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the key phrase here is the discovery of nutrient oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass. So originally, when the standard model was
STFC-RAL-CR03: first postulated. Neutrinos are masses, and oscillations are phenomena that can only occur in the case where neutrinos do have mass.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So these oscillations arise from mixing between the flavor and mass eigenstates of the neutrinos.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But one thing that is interesting from our current knowledge of neutrino passes is that the mass scale is extremely different from the mass scale of the other fermions. So over on the left, on the right. This is just illustrating that on the bottom you can see the
STFC-RAL-CR03: 3.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay?
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the mixing between our flavor and mass eigenstates is given by just the squeezed frame here, and you can see that
STFC-RAL-CR03: on my slightly face which represents that
STFC-RAL-CR03: the Roman practice are
STFC-RAL-CR03: just.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this year is just a you actually Pms matrix, as far as you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so
STFC-RAL-CR03: the strength of these oscillations controlled by these matrix elements. So the end of this matrix, you and the energy and distance scales of which these oscillations are
STFC-RAL-CR03: controlled by square differences between the mass different States.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I'm these Prometheus, we can measure using
STFC-RAL-CR03: neutering oscillations. mutual service experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So, as I mentioned, get these square differences between the mass. I can stay some oscillation experiments. However, this doesn't tell us about the the signs of these splittings.
STFC-RAL-CR03: or
STFC-RAL-CR03: that's all right. Yeah. So this doesn't tell us about the signs of these settings. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: in particular,
STFC-RAL-CR03: the ordering of these massive mistakes is currently unknown. So we have what we call here like a neutrino mass hierarchy. So we don't matter whether
STFC-RAL-CR03: we live in a world where this is the heaviest, in which case we are in standard normal hierarchy or the lightest, in which case, it's called the inverted hierarchy
STFC-RAL-CR03: But even though that
STFC-RAL-CR03: evidence from oscillations doesn't tell us the absolute values of the neutrinos.
STFC-RAL-CR03: it does mean that we can put some limits. It doesn't. If you know the value of one of these, you can then use the mass settings to constrain the mass of the others.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So that's what it's been showing these 2 plots here. So on the X-axis you can just see them. The mass of the the massive, lightest
STFC-RAL-CR03: mass, like insights on the y-axis. You can see the mass of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: but with the other items
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's just interesting. That shows you that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: we have some. If you if you have, if you make an assumption about the mass of the license mass, I can say you can then, calculate the mass of the other 2.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: why measure the neutrinos?
STFC-RAL-CR03: One of the most fun parts of the universe? In fact, I think it's probably most abundant firmly on any of this, and we don't know it's not
STFC-RAL-CR03: so this at the moment. It's quite bad.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I would say, there's a sanctuary. Understanding of
STFC-RAL-CR03: of someone
STFC-RAL-CR03: this extremely different mass scale. Just a very different mass generation compared to the other possible sustainable. So it's just something different for just a 6 months.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this also, next to various violation, cosmology and measurements of
STFC-RAL-CR03: neutrinos, also have the attention to give us some information in sometimes some several neutrino searches.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We got a lot today next
STFC-RAL-CR03: so there are 3 different ways of trying to extract this information up
STFC-RAL-CR03: the maximumitria.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And so that's what I'll be talking about.
STFC-RAL-CR03: in in disaster. This has affected me that we
STFC-RAL-CR03: so what do you actually measure here?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, it turns out that each of these method, each of these methods measure different parameters. So for cosmology, the Bronx that we're sensitive to is something from step 10 sigma here, which is just the sum of the the sum of the neutrino. But some of the neutrino masses
STFC-RAL-CR03: the some
STFC-RAL-CR03: weighted with the squares of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: PS.
STFC-RAL-CR03: matrix. And then finally, what I'll be talking to a lot. So this is
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is what we actually measure when we make measure, direct, measure speed.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and you can see that these all have
STFC-RAL-CR03: these all have limits that are around the one electron volt such slightly under
STFC-RAL-CR03: but that's the kind of level that we're we're going to these days.
STFC-RAL-CR03: However, the first 2 of these other issues. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: and
STFC-RAL-CR03: your measurements from cosmology, so these rely on
STFC-RAL-CR03: cosmological models. It's not would be described as model independent measurement and measurements from nutrients obesicade
STFC-RAL-CR03: rely on the fact that neutrinos are. In fact, if we live in a world where neutrinos are direct particles, then, hey? Doesn't occur mostly no useful information about the mass.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Neither of these are more independent measurements. In the same way that a direct measurement of B to the K is
STFC-RAL-CR03: so.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is at a really useful technique. With this the total and initial state energy of the initial state can be very precisely measured.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and scan the kinematics the final state. So you can easily. You can very precisely measure the energy of this outgoing electron from your from your.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And when I say it's more independent
STFC-RAL-CR03: All that you really need to assume is that energy and momentum vote concerns. It doesn't require relying on any more.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So you can do this with it. Various aspects. But what I'll be discussing today is
STFC-RAL-CR03: is the iceberg is got to be strictly, and that's because tritium maybe was mainly the case to, or almost exclusively the case to, one
STFC-RAL-CR03: fine city. There's no
STFC-RAL-CR03: spreading the range of energies that you get from the the electron from physical contributions from that sort of area. So you get quite. I guess I would say, you know, clean basically such.
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is not a particularly new idea. So this is.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This image is from a paper from 90, paying for so firmly, originally suggested that the shape of this spectrum could be used to determine. the neutrino mass, and this is still pretty. This is still, but pretty much the idea today. So this new parameter, I think. And you can see
STFC-RAL-CR03: you get some distortion around the end point of the V 2 K. Spectrum. So anyway, if you have a massless neutrino, a small neutrino mass, and then a very large neutrino mass.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So in slightly more quantitative terms this is the end of the trip to the endpoint of the trips in v. 2. A spectrum
STFC-RAL-CR03: for various different nutrient masses.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So you can approximate the the K rates. Just with this equation at the top here. So here E, nought is your end. The energy of your endpoints. E is the kinetic energy of your outgoing electron. And then this and base parameter is what we're actually trying to extract the value of. So this is the prompt that relates directly to
STFC-RAL-CR03: the massive. Your neutrino by Massachusetts.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So on the lower plot you can see the
STFC-RAL-CR03: shape of this decay spectrum for several different
STFC-RAL-CR03: masses of nutriters. and what you can see is, and then
STFC-RAL-CR03: additionally on the right hand plot.
STFC-RAL-CR03: which is just a viewed in version. You can see that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you're looking at very, very small changes between these cases. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: just as a reminder, the current data set by the caption experiment, and that would be 800 million electron volts. So you know, somewhere between
STFC-RAL-CR03: the black line and the blue line.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So this all the information about, and Beta is encoded in the very last electron of the anti spectrum. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: we're only interested in making very, very precise measurements of a very, very small element case. Right?
STFC-RAL-CR03: so it sounds like this is feeling quite challenging. We're looking at measuring. You know, energy sound at the
STFC-RAL-CR03: Ppm level of tritium electrons. hey, Sarah. is there an end? It's like this?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, turns out, yes, so we have this
STFC-RAL-CR03: from. So I mentioned previously that you know the value of one. You can then constrain
STFC-RAL-CR03: by each of the others.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and you can get the lower limit by assuming that your lightest mass cycling state is massless. and it turns out if you calculate this for
STFC-RAL-CR03: normal normal mass hierarchy. Your minimum value of Mba is actually 9 million electron volts and then if you have an inverted neutron mass hierarchy, it's more like it's more favorable, but still
STFC-RAL-CR03: significantly, below where we we are today, value of 50 media election votes.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so this is challenging. Obviously, because this is significantly below where our techniques are at the moment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: but also exciting. Because
STFC-RAL-CR03: if we have, you can build the experiment with a sensitivity below
STFC-RAL-CR03: 50 min electron votes.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You can. We know that you live in a normal hierarchy world.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then going further, if you can make something that is sensitive to down to 9 million votes. You have a guaranteed discovery, assuming, you know, there isn't.
STFC-RAL-CR03: some new physics. That means is no longer true. But you know, as far as we're aware, that you should have a guaranteed measurement of the neutrinos. Should you be able to build a sense diplomatic experiment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so what can this tell us? So tell you something about
STFC-RAL-CR03: okay, and about cosmology. So over on the left-hand side.
STFC-RAL-CR03: what I've got plotted here is the value of Mba against it's so the parameter that is related to
STFC-RAL-CR03: your your up, your lifetimes of nutrients of basic and isotopes
STFC-RAL-CR03: the orange vertical line is the current best limit on their own data from Patrick. The grey horizontal band is the
STFC-RAL-CR03: probably 90% upper bound from town on zen
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then the
STFC-RAL-CR03: red and orange fans, actually red and blue bands are the relationship between
STFC-RAL-CR03: and base ring and base. So here the red. Here is the the red hashing is the inverted hierarchy, and the blue is the normal hierarchy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So what you can see is that yeah? Positive measurement of
STFC-RAL-CR03: and pizza
STFC-RAL-CR03: has some power in telling us where to look or where to accept. measurements of neutrinos of come from
STFC-RAL-CR03: likewise on the right.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You can plot the same thing out for the cosmology side of things.
STFC-RAL-CR03: which. Okay, this looks slightly less positive, because
STFC-RAL-CR03: if you look at this magenta line that our current estimates on Sigma from osmology. You can see that we're actually not in a particularly
STFC-RAL-CR03: favorable regions that trying to make direct measurements of
STFC-RAL-CR03: than you dream us, because we're going to be close to the lower limits on
STFC-RAL-CR03: oh. on invasive.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But yeah, it still has to.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the measurement of
STFC-RAL-CR03: the direct measurement of nutrient mass still has the potential to kind of confirm or deny, confirm or deny these models. So it's not just a kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's not just a case of
STFC-RAL-CR03: filling in a number on mass nutrient, who also has
STFC-RAL-CR03: quite interesting implications for telling us where to look in other areas of physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So what's how we do this? Currently. So the current state of the art is
STFC-RAL-CR03: Mackey filter. So that's made magnetic a diabatic formation and then electrostatic filter.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the idea is, you're
STFC-RAL-CR03: electrons are missing from your BCC. On the left hand side of this image in this source region with high magnetic fields.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and they traveled automatically along the field lines. This analyzing region in the center, perhaps, since with this
STFC-RAL-CR03: put this virtual green line. And this has a much lower magnetic field.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the central airlines are playing. There's a presiding potential which prevents your electrons without sufficient energy from passing.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Matt.
STFC-RAL-CR03: They don't make you that same part.
STFC-RAL-CR03: however, and then those electrical flips, sufficient energy to pass the potential barrier are then reaccelerated and protected over on the right hand side of this image.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The idea is that you then repeat this for different retarding potentials, and you generate spectrum like this. So this is the most recent spectrum
STFC-RAL-CR03: So.
STFC-RAL-CR03: as I mentioned, the best limits from this method are produced by capturing
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: this currently is a current
STFC-RAL-CR03: statistics. Limited measurement from capturing is and Beta must be less than point 8 electron volts.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this is compared with an expected final sensitivity of point 2 electron volts.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Just to give an idea of the scale. The port be mine is 70 meters long. The spectrometer is nearly 10 meters in diameter.
STFC-RAL-CR03: held at very low pressure to make sure that there are no collisions between these electrons while they're passing through. So it's a pretty large experiment with
STFC-RAL-CR03: precisely controlled electromagnetic fields over very large volumes so already very challenging.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: why, what is the limitation? Where does the simulation on point 2 Ev come from. So you can increase your statistical power by increasing the size of your source. but you're
STFC-RAL-CR03: thickness of this source is limited by the electron tritium cross-section.
STFC-RAL-CR03: because once you're
STFC-RAL-CR03: decay, electrons scatter within your source and you before once they scatter before you measure them, their energy changes and all the useful information about the Bfic spectrum and start. So they're kind of useless for making measurements of neutrin mass at that point.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Similarly, your energy resolution.
STFC-RAL-CR03: is depending upon the ratio of your magnetic fields, your analyzing plane, and your source, which is also related to the radius of your source and your analyst.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So if you want to increase your the radius of your source, instead of making it longer
STFC-RAL-CR03: you have to have a corresponding increase in spectrum exercise.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So this is kind of the famous image, the pattern spectrometer being moved into the position.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It's this kind of gives you an impression of the Senate.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It's not really possible to scale this up further. But kind of at the limits of what we can technology can do. With this with this technique.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So if we want to go below point 2 ev, we need a different technique.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This.
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's where I bring us up to threats. And this is cyclotron radiation emissions, spectroscopy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So it's a concept that was originally suggested by project tape collaboration.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And the idea is this so?
STFC-RAL-CR03: And
STFC-RAL-CR03: you've immerse your BA electrons in a strong magnetic field and they emit cyclotron radiation. The frequency depends only on the electron energy and magnetic field strength. So that's what you're looking at
STFC-RAL-CR03: in this upper right corner. Very simple relationship between the frequency of the radiation and the connects going to the electron.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: what kind of radiation we're talking about. Well, if you put your electrons at the endpoint of your 2 bit beetle case. Spectrum 18 kv. Ish
STFC-RAL-CR03: in one field you get microwave. So things are about 27 gigahertz
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the idea is that you then collect this radiation with antennas, wave guides or recipe Celtic's.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So where's the advantage of this technique?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, frequency measurements are something that we're very, very good at doing physics. So in theory, frequency measurements can reach precision of, you know, half a million levels. So what we actually need to get down to these these lower limits of nutrient mass
STFC-RAL-CR03: you have no losses for transporting your electrons from the source to the detector. So our
STFC-RAL-CR03: it turns out treating gas is actually transparent smart wave radiation. So instead of having this situation where your so you have your source electron being produced, and then they have to be transported, for the detector is you can have the gas actually in situ and big in the same region where you then actually measure their energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: theory, you have few electrons statistics.
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's a little bit.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And yeah, as I mentioned, the gap is transparent to microwave radiation.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then finally,
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is a screen like this is a differential section. So you're measuring the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the energy of each electron individually.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: just the intensity of certain.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So that means, while you're making these measurements of
STFC-RAL-CR03: of the tricky B, 2 spectrum. Where there are very low statistics, there are a lot of electrons which could provide useful information that that you never see, they will just throw it away.
STFC-RAL-CR03: this means that if you're running an integral filter, you need extra time for measuring backgrounds, spectrum intensity, the endpoint energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So.
STFC-RAL-CR03: whereas, if you are operating a present instrument, you are able to measure the whole spectrum, or all parts of the spectrum that you want at the same time.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So that should mean that in theory to few make the same statistics.
STFC-RAL-CR03: all other things being equal, you should have to measure for less time.
STFC-RAL-CR03: However, there are some challenges with this. so the radiating powers are very small.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So this is just a lot more power for
STFC-RAL-CR03: for electron. And
STFC-RAL-CR03: that's fields.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And it turns out to work this out, this, this one 12 tests. It feels
STFC-RAL-CR03: an electron radiates about 50 watt power. So this is like really small. It's very challenging.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This theater here is just the angle between
STFC-RAL-CR03: the direction of the electron and the magnetic field. So you can just see that
STFC-RAL-CR03: you get your maximum power when your electron is
STFC-RAL-CR03: troubling. But predict that to your mind, as you feel.
STFC-RAL-CR03: atomic tritium is going to be required for these for this final, for this final stage experiment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So one thing that
STFC-RAL-CR03: talked about before is that. However, when it's the case, electrician has rotational, rotational and vibrational expectations
STFC-RAL-CR03: that broaden the endpoint. Be. That's what you're looking at on the right
STFC-RAL-CR03: so
STFC-RAL-CR03: ideally, we want an atomic tritium source. So this
STFC-RAL-CR03: and one of the key challenges with this technique is
STFC-RAL-CR03: helps to produce the required number of tritium atoms, and also to maintain the atomic purity of this source.
STFC-RAL-CR03: because
STFC-RAL-CR03: one thing it's also worth mentioning is that we see here the endpoint of
STFC-RAL-CR03: the endpoint of the molecular
STFC-RAL-CR03: tricks in
STFC-RAL-CR03: spectrum is significantly, but it's well. Several election votes above that of the atomic system. Spectrum.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So if you do have
STFC-RAL-CR03: molecular tritium in your experiment. When you don't want to be that effectively outside backgrounds to your electricity missions.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so this is kind of a key challenge. And if you don't solve this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you there's no real way to get around this broadening of the endpoints. You're basically.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you'll always be limited to about nutrient analysis of Pointer Ed can't really go below that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then there's the blind statistics. So you need to track them to 10 to the 20 tricky amounts for roughly a year.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and this is because, as I mentioned, all of the information about this Juno maps, the this embedded branter is all contained at the very end of the Trixi BC spectrum.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So. and the issue with that is the last election bulk of the spectrum contains about
STFC-RAL-CR03: 3 times cents to minus 33 events. So you need an intense source. You need a significant amount of
STFC-RAL-CR03: and you need to.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But Triton decay, and you need to be able to, you know. Keep your conditions
STFC-RAL-CR03: like this for an extended period of time.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So I mentioned briefly already this concept is pioneered by Project 8. they kind of like that moment slightly more advanced with us. So they are able to
STFC-RAL-CR03: they've released results earlier this year. making a first measurement of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the neutrino mass. With molecular in a one tester field which is what you can see on the lower right. And what so currently the the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the mentioned to the I did with not key filters. But
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's
STFC-RAL-CR03: apparatus. and it's in the center is
STFC-RAL-CR03: comparatively small, well, very small compared with something like capturing issues, you know, something that is only 10 or 20 centimetres long by comparison, and they can
STFC-RAL-CR03: already mentioned whatever around 10 to hundreds of ev
STFC-RAL-CR03: and just over on the left hand side this is the kind of signal that you get out of work. So this is a spectrogram of single electron.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So it's a signal from a 13 K in the Cryptonica calibration source that project they use.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And the interesting feature I've got time on the X-axis frequency on the y-axis.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You can see that these lines, slow up is the right so this is just your frequency, increasing your electrons radiate power. And then
STFC-RAL-CR03: these discrete jumps are just electrons scattering off residual gas in the apparatus.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Really, the only what we're concerned about in
STFC-RAL-CR03: these action measurements is just the very first point, the first track.
STFC-RAL-CR03: because that's the actual information about what the initial energy of your lecture is before it's radiated away too much of its energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay? So now I'll talk about the Qcm collaboration. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is our idea at Crowdspace and neutrino mass measurement experiments. So quantum technologies for neutrino, Mass.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So it's collaboration. The University, Mpl. Ucl. Cambridge, for Swansea and Oxford.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And the proposal goal is to build a demonstrate demonstrate our crisis not to the catch name of this demonstrator request.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So hopefully we. This will entail
STFC-RAL-CR03: demonstration of confinement of atoms with
STFC-RAL-CR03: relatively high density. So this kind of thing, so 10 to the 12 to 10 to the 13 per cubic centimetre. So I mentioned that you need these intensity source to get required statistics
STFC-RAL-CR03: not
STFC-RAL-CR03: the confinement of these entities.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the idea is that you can.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It's kind of a proof concept base which then scalable to the kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03: so another ingredient is a very precise magnetic field mapping. I mentioned before that the frequency depends on the electrons, magnetic energy and the magnetic field.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So that means you need to have very, very precise knowledge of what your magnetic fields actually are if you want to. Precisely know what your electron images are. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: we're hoping to demonstrate doing demonstrations of field mapping with less than a microcessor up absolute position and a millimeter spatial resolution.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The idea is that within the simulator there'll be observation of press electrons from a non-trivative source.
STFC-RAL-CR03: essentially, with quotes and noise, limited microwave detection systems.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then, whereas it's going to be cited. Well.
STFC-RAL-CR03: system. Uk.
STFC-RAL-CR03: now moving, looking forward. What's the potential project pathway here? So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the technology demonstration from now until 2025, and then integration of the systems
STFC-RAL-CR03: with tritium fusion energy
STFC-RAL-CR03: later on. So probably sighted the joint European tourists. But they have
STFC-RAL-CR03: okay
STFC-RAL-CR03: license and facilities to handle large amounts of tritium. So the idea would be that hopefully we can move, demonstrate to that and show that this experiment can actually work with
STFC-RAL-CR03: drizzle.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then looking even further ahead.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Final new Juno mass experiment involving consolidation with the International.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Between us, community yes, it's 10 to 15 million electron volts
STFC-RAL-CR03: would be located at probably similar facility sometime in the 2030 s. Or
STFC-RAL-CR03: so. What's this? Demonstrators that we're trying to build actually look like? Sorry
STFC-RAL-CR03: we actually start off
STFC-RAL-CR03: here with our atomic source. So Ucl is kind of this is constructed already. This is it produces at the moment it's set up to hydrogen atoms. So we're showing that it can produce the required densities of hydrogen atoms.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then from there they passed through this state selector.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and this is important because it only selects
STFC-RAL-CR03: atoms are in a No field seeking states.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So these low field seeking atoms, then pass into this storage ring which is made up of
STFC-RAL-CR03: made up permanent mappings
STFC-RAL-CR03: and these permanent magnets are able to guide the actions in this particular state, run this storage ring.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And the idea is that the atoms will certainly multiple times. Well. while passing through this cartridge.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so this first region is where the actual measurement of electron energies will happen. See? Just for the first stage, this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: these 2 systems kind of decoupled because we're not being tricking round. And we'll just have a non-trixing source for that comes in the press region.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But you can see that going forward. This can be adapted to have tritium as the source.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then actually just be used.
STFC-RAL-CR03: 2 great measurements for tricks. Inspection.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Yes. So the source we're measuring the endpoints in
STFC-RAL-CR03: any molecular trips, you know. So backgrounds.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So we want to produce a
STFC-RAL-CR03: stream of buttons, that is high purity.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and also is
STFC-RAL-CR03: yeah, we should be old, I'm not going to recombine. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: Here you can see some schematics, and then on the lower, like, actually see an image of the of the apparatus as it currently exists. So the idea is that there is
STFC-RAL-CR03: hi.
STFC-RAL-CR03: this electrons unit discharge
STFC-RAL-CR03: for of
STFC-RAL-CR03: post mountains that then pass through this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the seeds on the valve so there. So they're at a temperature of about
STFC-RAL-CR03: 30 calibre they pass through simmer
STFC-RAL-CR03: and in theory this produces a beam with
STFC-RAL-CR03: with longitudinal speeding to a couple of 100, a few 100 meters for sap food. But what? The the beam is very cold. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the motion of the atoms
STFC-RAL-CR03: relative to one another is actually quite minimal. And the hope is that this minimizes the amount of
STFC-RAL-CR03: spin changing collisions between the atoms, which would then lead to recombination and formation, one which we want to avoid.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So this it's kind of this is being tested at the moment at Ucl. Hopefully, you know, in the next year we might have some results from this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: we also have this storage ring.
STFC-RAL-CR03: there's why do we not have these in just a why do we not put our atoms in a trunk and just know the number of trunk? Why do we have this? What looks like more complex ring of magnets?
STFC-RAL-CR03: So you want to confine your your neutral actors
STFC-RAL-CR03: and importantly prevent them from forming molecules on cold surfaces.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So you need to have some kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03: confinement of these items. And as I mentioned the way that we do, this is
STFC-RAL-CR03: only choosing atoms that are in this local team state. So this storage room is formed out of a series of hexapol magnets, and the idea is that the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the neutral atoms are guided around without touching.
STFC-RAL-CR03: without touching any surfaces and forming any markers. So this design has some advantages.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We don't have to load an arm over truck
STFC-RAL-CR03: if we did, you kind of expect there to be intimate losses at every stage of cooling? Really?
STFC-RAL-CR03: so
STFC-RAL-CR03: we don't have to decelerate and pull them to, you know. Velocities at tens of meters per second, we can actually faster and hopefully serve. The number of items that we actually have.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and it also
STFC-RAL-CR03: separates our magnetic field requirements. For crest. So for actually, our microwave spectroscopy, so correct, separates the requirements for that, for the magnetic field
STFC-RAL-CR03: from the trapping of the atoms. These 2 things require quite different magnetic field configurations. So it's nice to have them separated.
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's also hope that there will be sustainability to this system.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so one can imagine that in a phase way.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you can easily increase the exposure of your external by splitting your storage ring, and
STFC-RAL-CR03: I need more and more
STFC-RAL-CR03: press volumes. Had some when they were ready to gradually
STFC-RAL-CR03: increase your exposure without applying the need for a new ring to be built
STFC-RAL-CR03: every time.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So another crucial part is our
STFC-RAL-CR03: Is you actually truck by entrance? So I mentioned
STFC-RAL-CR03: previously that we have a. we have very
STFC-RAL-CR03: weak, radiating power from each electron from to what level?
STFC-RAL-CR03: So we wanna once we trap our electrons firstly, expand
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the way we do that is within a magnitude buckle
STFC-RAL-CR03: Additionally, there's another good reason for all that from happening which is to obtain
STFC-RAL-CR03: slicing up frequency resolution.
STFC-RAL-CR03: for and to make to make most of the required measures for B 2 history.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: hey, you just got the changing frequency as a function of your. So you get a
STFC-RAL-CR03: yeah and
STFC-RAL-CR03: change in frequency of about 51 kilohertz per.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Therefore, if you you want to measure your
STFC-RAL-CR03: your electron
STFC-RAL-CR03: energy to a so precision of one electron bulb. you need frequency resolution of about 50 kilohertz.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Now, it turns out if you to make a measurement stop precision. You need to observe your electron for 20 microseconds if you do the math. And
STFC-RAL-CR03: calculate how far
STFC-RAL-CR03: and electron that is almost like and bitless amounts. Field travels. In this time you end up finding that
STFC-RAL-CR03: it will travel about nearly 300 meters parallel to parallel to the magnetic field in this time
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is obviously not desirable. If you don't trap your electrons, you end up with some huge apparatus
STFC-RAL-CR03: that would be incredibly unmovable.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So, therefore, we have this system of electron traffic.
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is, you know, to mention in a magnetic trap. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the moment it's crucial that this is
STFC-RAL-CR03: only because
STFC-RAL-CR03: the one thing that we really don't want to do is change the energy of our electrons. We want to maintain that we want to keep all that information.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So during magnetic trap is what we call a no work trap
STFC-RAL-CR03: I'm here to be continuously exert for tens or hundreds.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this trap just consists of a local minimum in the magnitude of background.
STFC-RAL-CR03: In terms of what you need. This is a field of order, another tester against one test of outcome.
STFC-RAL-CR03: this does have some disadvantages. So while truck design has a large effect on the range of observed frequencies.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's kind of key to understand this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: because at
STFC-RAL-CR03: your the frequency at which your electrons radiate actually depends upon the mean magnetic field that they experience. And obviously this varies as a function of your electron's pitch angle.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The angle at which
STFC-RAL-CR03: the envelope they make, and and then some mix with the magnetic fields.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So it's really key that you're able to understand your tramp and some emotion of your actions for that. Yes, so yeah. Here we go veterans with a pitch angle
STFC-RAL-CR03: less than 90 degrees
STFC-RAL-CR03: experience, different average skills as a result of the emotional. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: you can build
STFC-RAL-CR03: a deeper magnetic trap to contain more electrons. But they'll radiate a wide range of different frequencies the same energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then that's what that's what you look at. That's what you see on the the left hand plot. Here is
STFC-RAL-CR03: your picture angle on the axis, and the changing the difference in frequency for one of energetic electrons.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And what you can see is that you get quite significant frequency deviations of order up to, you know, tens of
STFC-RAL-CR03: Megahertz.
STFC-RAL-CR03: just from a different angle of your.
STFC-RAL-CR03: a different motion of your election footage.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So how do we get around this?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, you have to actually look at other features of your signal to get your best energy message.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: to this end we've developed a kind of range of simulation analysis tools. Kind of optimize our trap and our flex design.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And you can simulate an idealized variety custom software. So this is what we've got on the right. There is a simulation of one of these electron
STFC-RAL-CR03: spectrums showing the electron radiating the power
STFC-RAL-CR03: and increasing in frequency.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this kind of simulation, let's us
STFC-RAL-CR03: past.
STFC-RAL-CR03: do our electron propagation, our microwave collection, and a basic model of signal process.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So.
STFC-RAL-CR03: as I mentioned, there are a lot of features that we use to constrain our natural energies. The chip rate bus signal tells us about the right energy bus.
STFC-RAL-CR03: that's crucial is the llama power
STFC-RAL-CR03: depends on the angle
STFC-RAL-CR03: between the electrons field. So Practice slope contains use for information.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you also have
STFC-RAL-CR03: you sideburns.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So as your electron moves around in the track, there is both amplitude and frequency modulation in the signal.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this frequency of this modulation
STFC-RAL-CR03: also tells you about promotion of your electron. So there's that's quite a rich signal structure within.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you know, within these signals there's absolutely key that we understand in order to make most precise measurements.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then, finally, you have this discrete jumps in
STFC-RAL-CR03: frequency that are caused caused by deception from residual gas.
STFC-RAL-CR03: really need to fully understand the frequency of these sensors in order to
STFC-RAL-CR03: reconstruct your original frequency and understand how many of these steps you're that you're missing. So it does lead you to the lead you to make
STFC-RAL-CR03: an incorrect measurement of your
STFC-RAL-CR03: electrical energy and natural nutrient mass.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So just want to talk for a minute about the the actual.
STFC-RAL-CR03: more detail about the infection region. So if I've demonstrated. We have what we call our prismatic assembly. Cma. We we aim to detect Bryce.
STFC-RAL-CR03: These pragmatic temperatures! And this is motivated by the very feel power that we get from our elections. We want to minimize the thermal noise coming from our boot as much as possible.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the idea is that our actual decays are going to be happening in a region that is held at, you know, at 4, Kelvin, because we really want to maximize our Rxmr.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Similarly, there's a lot of work going on at Oxford, Cambridge, and Npl. On developing these high frequency quantum units, amplifiers so amplifiers that are operating down at the point.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Where these will overcome very small signal power.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then, additionally, at Ucl, we're working on options for designing science electron source which will allow us to check our inch collaboration and check with this technique actually has
STFC-RAL-CR03: can lead us towards making
STFC-RAL-CR03: these really precise measurements. Electron energies. yes.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so just talk about the microwave once and once for a second.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So mention the signals. Really weak, really weak. So stakes beyond fires. Held it project temperatures.
STFC-RAL-CR03: These still have noise links of about 7 kelvin. So to get the real
STFC-RAL-CR03: top-top signal to noise, radiate. Signal to noise ratio values that's going on in these slugs.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then also the super productive environment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so these are, these slides are just the non parametric prior patent accounts for being built to Mpl
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the idea is that these are not average. I only manage junctions that should allow operation question. So the technical
STFC-RAL-CR03: and it's just like from the
STFC-RAL-CR03: some simulation work and experiments that suggest there is actually a degree of tudability within these amplifiers which be really key in order to scan different bits of the Beta Case section.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then
STFC-RAL-CR03: kind of different path with these params is the Cambridge Quantum census group. So they tested these current high game parametric amplifiers based on these superconducting resonances. So it's just an image of one of these over on the upper left.
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is seems really promising that on the right you can see some of the results. So this is power. Again, versus frequency. They seem to have really high
STFC-RAL-CR03: high gain. We're bandwidth of several Megahertz
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: there's a lot of very interesting and promising development going on in this country.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then so macintometry. I mentioned previously that it's key to have really good control of the magnetic fields, and also any straight field within your sector, because anything that you do, having that you don't know is likely to modify the energy. Your electron in a way that you don't understand. You lose information. You can't make sense to measurement.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the idea with this is that
STFC-RAL-CR03: you have. You can prepare
STFC-RAL-CR03: deuterium or tritium atoms.
STFC-RAL-CR03: circular states, and then these can be used as quantum sensors. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the upper, the upper right here just shows
STFC-RAL-CR03: preparation of these prevail atoms and then pass through your track
STFC-RAL-CR03: at a given point. You can then, use pulses of microwave radiation to drive these reboot to reboot transitions which, extremely sensitive to the magnetic field.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this way you can build up
STFC-RAL-CR03: a well series of twod images of the magnetic fields
STFC-RAL-CR03: in
STFC-RAL-CR03: in your chat, right down to this micro level
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then the spatial resolution as well. And also you can also get to somewhere like a minimum.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So once again, this is progressing very well. The current results that we
STFC-RAL-CR03: people imagining Ucl got down to an absolute real precision of 2 Microtext learning relative
STFC-RAL-CR03: precision of 909 tests. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: very, very good results already, and a special resolution resolution exceeded exceeding that that we were kind of.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There's also been some really good results on this decision. That trump. Actually. I'm positively had a paper digging this method and results published earlier this year.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Sorry
STFC-RAL-CR03: just complete
STFC-RAL-CR03: issue that must. The load entry must scale remains unknown. It's a really
STFC-RAL-CR03: an interesting and useful robber to mention.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And I can tell us a lot about different ads. Physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03: current measurement techniques are limits and part. Take us to an experiment with guaranteed discovery. Potential. One technique that can do is Chris. And it's still very. It's still quite a young technique. But it should hopefully allow measurement of electrical energy, unprecedented procedure.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And so in Qcn, we're trying to build on this with some unique quanta techniques so demonstrate 5 min from it and
STFC-RAL-CR03: Ucn as well. What I think is quite exciting is the possibility of having this ultimately Truno mass experiment that dated somewhere within the UK.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then thanks very much for missing.