It is.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I'm really happy to explain. Lara.
I
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, let's just get going to see how it goes.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I wanted to put a little bit of background in, because what we are targeting is a new facility for radiation biology. Our ambition is to make a page for so
STFC-RAL-CR03: for radiotherapy, so China is an opportunity.
STFC-RAL-CR03: a little bit of background
about radio biology, because
STFC-RAL-CR03: obviously the main part about our. And then I want to. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: here we go. Challenge is an opportunity to
okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: What is it?
STFC-RAL-CR03: I would expect you to see one line. So we all know the cancer is a big problem in further society. What surprised me was, it's actually the second most common cause of death
STFC-RAL-CR03: from the statistics of people, that
STFC-RAL-CR03: there is an enormous predicted increase in demand. So, for example, from this paper. If you look at the cases in 2,012, and you project them forward to twenty- there's something like not quite a doubling
STFC-RAL-CR03: in case it's predicted, and to deaths are similarly expected to increase substantially. One thing to note is, those cities come from countries where statistics are recording.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So a key place of unmet need is where you are not collecting data. So in lower middle income countries, and here there is an enormous predictive
STFC-RAL-CR03: potential saving of life if one can make Radiot everything more widely available.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay. So if you look forward, you've got you're seeing an enormous increase in demand in in the more developed countries, and I
STFC-RAL-CR03: and an ambition to provide greater service to the middle. Whatever the the correct job it is with the other countries.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The provided that kind of service means that we need normal techniques. Ideally, you want a cost-effective system which is able to be implemented in a distributed way.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and ideally, you want to be able to automate as much as possible, so that you are able to decrease the cost per patient by increasing through.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So if you like, that's the background.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So in addition to making the therapy more available, I think what we're also in the business of doing is trying to increase the therapeutic window.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So what people do to explain that is, they say, Well, if you deliver those to a patient, there is some probability that you that you control the tumor, and that's got a function.
STFC-RAL-CR03: which is what I name. I've forgotten it, which is looking like it. So it rises after some threshold dose, and then it stops somewhere at 100. But it's got some kind of rice. The goal is to move the damage. The probability of damage to healthy tissue to a higher dose and the key to the gap as big as possible.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Black app is a therapeutic window, and what you want to do is, make it this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: that's the use possible
STFC-RAL-CR03: today. X-ray therapy is most commonly delivered using X-rays.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and in this case, as you know the dose is going to fall properly, exponentially with death after it's gone through a peak.
and that
STFC-RAL-CR03: the characteristic of the way the energy is deposited means that if you are shooting it to a place where there are sensitive organs.
STFC-RAL-CR03: then you have an effective limit on the dose, or the rate at which you can deliver those. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: so. in addition to using X-rays, you can consider using hypotheses, so protons and other nuclei.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The advantage of that I almost don't need to summarize for this audience, but i'm going to do it anyway. But the advantage of that is that the bulk of the dose is deposited in a place called the Bright Peak.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So if you don't be the part of the basic book when you look at the Ddx code and typically you're seeing it as a function of energy. So they're running in the curve this way. So there's a big wall in the Lgb. Position as the particle has come to the rest, and that's the origin of the bright people.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The energy dose is lower because the particles are slowing down, and there's ionization energy loss. Here
STFC-RAL-CR03: you can see a difference between program and carbon. I don't know what I did
there.
STFC-RAL-CR03: but the carbon peak, because the carbon is heavier, is much narrower, and the protocol peak is much larger.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I'm. Probably soon.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: right? So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the key thing
STFC-RAL-CR03: is at the bottom here that because of the peak you are able to tune the dose such that you can.
STFC-RAL-CR03: trying to raise, that you do not deliver those.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And actually, I should have pointed around now, so I should have pointed out that for the people of mine. So I'm going to try, and
STFC-RAL-CR03: I picked a pediatric X-ray sorry treatment
STFC-RAL-CR03: to make the point about the difference between X-rays and protons.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: if you should
STFC-RAL-CR03: so
STFC-RAL-CR03: a spinal tumor with X-rays you see a large dose in the soft issues
STFC-RAL-CR03: which is, of course, risk for the for the patients. This is a pediatric treatment. You can see that if you localize those to the tumor region in particular, inside the
STFC-RAL-CR03: at the moment. Article B. Therapy is delivered across the the rich world
STFC-RAL-CR03: in a kind of sauce way.
STFC-RAL-CR03: When I made this slides there were 75.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There are some
census.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and obviously the suppliers of this are making incremental development, and it is in their interest to move this these things forward. They are trying to make things cheaper more.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But if you really wanted to change the game, you really need to develop novel techniques in particular novel being techniques. In order to increase. we need to decrease. The investment costs, reduce the size and increase people.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So that's the goal.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Right? So here's the footprint of typical facilities today, though if you looked at a cartoon of the Christian Hospital.
STFC-RAL-CR03: after being therapy facility in Manchester, we see the the the cyclotron here, which is providing the proton beams is a tiny in the corner. If you stood next to that, your eyes would be roughly at the top of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: like. The
STFC-RAL-CR03: the side is now is going by the being transport, and in particular the ways to live.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is the famous country you're You're breaking these up, shipping them down
STFC-RAL-CR03: and having a system which can rotate around the patient. It's an engineering corner for so it takes like 3 floors of a building, and the 4 protons. The mass of this gantry is probably in the neighborhood at 70 plus
STFC-RAL-CR03: tons, and it sits on a device which is able to rotate it such that the full Crem doesn't move a precision of lesson. So that's a fantastic piece of engineering.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is a sister, if you like, layout of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: safeguarding facility of meadows from the be an Noisha in Austria 6 0ne is able to deliver carbon
STFC-RAL-CR03: hands up to carbon, so the protons are not around. You have to have different sources which you have to change what You' to be like.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And now
STFC-RAL-CR03: one of these countries, I think, is the one here is capable of delivering carbon dioxide. And now the mass of the country is even larger, so the rigidity of the beams.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the carbon beans obviously is much I am. And now you have to have an enormous magnet that is supported on it, and all the steel structure, in order that you keep the precision of the pokemon.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So these are big facilities that are largely determined by the size of the gathering to be delivery, not by the by the accelerator, but perhaps you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03: surprise. Our goal is to try and reduce the footprint, and as i'm going to try and explain, make them make the facility much more flexible.
So
STFC-RAL-CR03: iteration. One of the large design is shown here, s0 0nly goes up t0 127 mev it's not entirely compatible, but the size of the book that we have on this scale. It's showing there. I think our goal is to reduce the cost and increase it through, but
STFC-RAL-CR03: and they might make it more flexible and make it more available.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Right
STFC-RAL-CR03: so before I g0 0n, I want to go really back. So this is like a checking fix, which is why I put the with that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Many of you will know that the whole field started with Robert
STFC-RAL-CR03: Rathbone Wilson, who was sometime director of Phonia Rich City is. Oh. this is a Mac PC conversion issue.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the point of these 2 slides, which
STFC-RAL-CR03: he'd come out of the bomb program and wanted to use radiation for R.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And so what he observed was that there that you would, if you add
STFC-RAL-CR03: protons for Carl, and you would get the fractique. So this is the first fight that got the bracket, and in addition, he observed that calm would be narrower and more beneficial than proton.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and he designed 150.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You sort of follow that the history a little bit more carefully to make a, I think, is an important point.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The cyclone was invented in 1,932, and that we used to so it all the way. sort of all the way through the war and stuff like that, and seek touring was invented in 1,946.
STFC-RAL-CR03: If you look to the history of using these devices for biological
STFC-RAL-CR03: or medical applications. The first biological studies started in 48.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This was just the just to see what would happen
STFC-RAL-CR03: first to introduce clinical studies was in 1954. So here people were shooting these at the pituitary, trying to stop it, making some kind of hormones. The first use for cancer was out in 74. So that's actually a long
STFC-RAL-CR03: yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And the reason why there was a long gap is the understanding of the dose that is needed to hit the tissues, and how you stop it, causing damage.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So between here and here the application is really coming down to the instrumentation, there asymmetry and the the calculation of the dos in the magnetic treatment plant.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And my point with that historical interview is that it's not all about the accelerator. What we have to do is sure we have to make novel techniques to make the acceleration more
efficient.
STFC-RAL-CR03: more flexible. But we also have to be master of the instrumentation, the simulation, and the feedback for the Xr. In order to not have such an enormous gap between and and it's using patients
STFC-RAL-CR03: right a little bit about radiology.
They all know about the right. B.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There's concept called linear energy transfer. So this is the efficiency with which all the
well it's quite efficiency in which I is transferred. Additionally, you can see it, not the speaking policy, the next cover
STFC-RAL-CR03: so linear and transfer is a job that you need to remember. People also quantify the effect of the dose by a quantity called radio
STFC-RAL-CR03: biological relative biological infections. So that means you take a particular endpoint. So maybe it's a certain set of a certain amount of cell death, and you quantify
STFC-RAL-CR03: the
STFC-RAL-CR03: effect to get that amount of cell death, and you compare it to a reference phot on be which is different from someone radioactive. You can.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and that ratio tells you how good your you will be eating treatment is, and
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the numbers for relative biological effectiveness is what it's used in calculating.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But the data for protons of the relative biological effectiveness is a function of dose he showed me. If the nature comes from a variety of the in the devote
Sunnis.
STFC-RAL-CR03: what is used in the treatment playing software is is a value of 1.1,
STFC-RAL-CR03: and you can see that that's all that describes the data.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But you can also see the spread of the data and the size of the oval. So, as a while 1.1
STFC-RAL-CR03: is a good characterization is maybe not
STFC-RAL-CR03: as accurately as you would like it. Furthermore, it's known that the relative biological effect is depend on a huge number of things. So, for example, the energy in the arms species that I think you would expect
STFC-RAL-CR03: als0 0n the dose of the both straight, the tissue type. And what kind of endpoint you're trying to hear. And yet treatment planning software is usually 1.1 for everything
STFC-RAL-CR03: for carbon. For the heavier islands. The situation is is is less well-defined. So what i've put here is a collection of data.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is linear energy transfer on the horizontal scale, and i'll be able to.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So, in order to do better, you would like to have a more.
STFC-RAL-CR03: a fundamental understanding of this, so you can make better calculations. That means you need to have a systematic program in order to understand the biology which is going on. Which
STFC-RAL-CR03: that's it. So that's if you like one motivation for
STFC-RAL-CR03: what is it? A practical thing which is at the energy of a lot? So it's easier for me.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay. So how do you get the damage? Well, typically, you're trying to kill yourself the way you're trying to kill the cells is you're trying to interrupt the cell reproduction we're trying to. That is the the reproduction contract.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The key thing that you want to do is make complex damage in the so you you break the DNA key, mix in more than one place.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so double sound breaks.
STFC-RAL-CR03: If you have a low Edd radiation like a photon
STFC-RAL-CR03: for an electron. Then the ionizing events happen typically in the plasma, and it's the Pre Radicals that are going to cause a damage.
STFC-RAL-CR03: If you shoot in heavier particles, protons and alphas, so helium nuclei or carbons, then the mean-free path between ionizing events becomes smaller than the radius of the double helix, and you've got a very good probability of calling complex, damaging. Care yourself
STFC-RAL-CR03: when people study the effect of different kinds of radiation, and I've just picked a couple of drops
STFC-RAL-CR03: because i'm not the expert. And what I want to point out is that people are doing the studies of the difference between low and high energy radiation of the function goes, for example, or or looking at trends posts with how long it is after the treatment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think my point is to point out the bodies with the data sets the and the need for a more
STFC-RAL-CR03: recently.
STFC-RAL-CR03: S0 0ver the last 5 years. And so by 7 years or so, people have studied different kinds of deep, so different ways, different kind of acceleration, techniques
STFC-RAL-CR03: of being used. S0 0ne sexy thing at the moment is goes by the name of flash radio therapy. So here, instead of delivering doses at a typical rate, 2 grade per minute.
STFC-RAL-CR03: people shoot the dose at more than 40 grade per second. That's an enormous increasing rate. you know. Are you going to get back t0 60 from the minutes to seconds and a factor of 20 from the 2 t0 4. So that's a big increasing rate
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez agmoni. What people are observing is that you get the same tumor, kill probability. But the lower rate of normal tissue to. So that's indicated here in the center of the studies, one.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So if you look at the in particular, the
STFC-RAL-CR03: this is the flashing radiation in the middle, and you can tear it to the pictures on here where you get the normal radiation, you can see that there are differences in the picture, and that's that's a normal dish.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The key thing there is that you are now able to in principle to deliver a higher dose.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You can have a
2 effects. You can do the treatment more quickly, and you can also have
STFC-RAL-CR03: have a better chance of eradicating the tumour without causing humorous opticity. Key thing is the timeline. This was resurrected in 2,014, with observations that were published here in 2,014 and over a 5 year period. People got as far as
STFC-RAL-CR03: keeping patients, so I think it's a a place where one is able to make contributions to you quickly.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Why is the higher rate of producing that lower? That is an absolutely. There are theories like you, deplete oxygen, or or other effects that people talk about, but it's no good question
STFC-RAL-CR03: which is actually one of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the other thing is that people typically deliver those in uniform. We, and they're trying to irradiate the tumor in and in a uniform like that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: People have also found normal dishes, fairies, or less toxicity.
STFC-RAL-CR03: if the if the pipe was, if the same doses delivered, but now, with tiny beams recapturing the treatment, it looks as though it's the absence, the areas of absence of radiation that allows tissue to recover.
and folks's question, which he Hasn't asked. Yet is that this mechanism for this is not known? I
STFC-RAL-CR03: but there is evidence in all which is bearing, and people are very excited about that. I think it.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think my point is that novel beings have potentially better clinical outcome.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Mechanisms are not known, and they Haven't been explored systematically. So what we want to do
STFC-RAL-CR03: is to create a facility where we can vary the space and time domain of the victims Essentially, arbitrarily. We want to be able to vary our species, and of course, the energy we want to be able to do all that in combination. So you want to be able to have a hybrid.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Hi those also in many, hey? So you don't want to call in.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We want to have a facility where that can all be done in combination with chemo and immunotherapies. There's a lot of excitement about the immune response which is generated by radiation.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and in order to do that. We need a lot of disciplinary abortion. That's been one of the things that's taken a long time t0 0rder
STFC-RAL-CR03: The little thing which you can't see. Here is a tiny one. We all know that the organizing energy is deposited in a tiny
STFC-RAL-CR03: I tend to long as the right at all.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Second
STFC-RAL-CR03: after that there's a there's like a chemical phase of biological phase
STFC-RAL-CR03: chemicals of chemicals that begin to diffuse. There is a biochemistry phase where these things are all interacting, damaging the DNA, maybe. And then there is a biological face, and these have different characteristic times.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and I think one of the other things we want to do is nobody has been able to study this tiny evolution for 2 reasons.
STFC-RAL-CR03: One is the feeds typically a delivered luck, like I said in a continuous manner over a vertically long period. So we want to have a tremendous system where we're able to have an arbitrary false shock joke.
And, Secondly, nobody has been.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Nobody is doing the kind of experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and in addition, the ways in which the measurements have been made, typically that you irradiate yourselves. You then take them somewhere, and you study the products, and this node is measured in hours or
STFC-RAL-CR03: periods of time which are long. We have to develop instrumentation which we can look at
STFC-RAL-CR03: the effect of the radiation in between policies; and, as i'll mention in a minute, we express it, by the 10 moves for the red rate of the lab. We want the
STFC-RAL-CR03: So we want to be able to measure the effect in this in the second.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the the link here is more to disciplinary collaboration. But what I wanted to point out is in creating the lara collaboration. You've taken pains to bring together
STFC-RAL-CR03: political scientists. biologists. obviously accelerated scientists. But the laser plasma accelerated people serious, and I guess
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's a strong collaboration on paper. We really need to develop a resource which matches the interest in the program, and that that is
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. So what is long.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So what we want to do is have a laser doing source. The point about doing that is that you get a high instantaneous flux of protons around you typically have them at high energy. The
STFC-RAL-CR03: s0 0ur specification
STFC-RAL-CR03: is that we're going to capture at more than 50, more than 10 Mv. So actually about 5 15. That is a factor of 240 larger than the typical capture Energy
STFC-RAL-CR03: such as is used on Isis.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the advantage of that is the the Space Charge forces are scaling as 8 0f the one and a half, I think, and therefore there's space jar impacted month
STFC-RAL-CR03: less important, and you are able to capture and transport the mush via instantaneous slots. You can have short pulses, and it's triggerable in the sense that when the laser fires, that's the start of the beam as long as you choose, your accelerator
STFC-RAL-CR03: components such that you never introduce additional
uncontrolled delays. You can have
STFC-RAL-CR03: short pulses when you ship the things into your individual and beo samples triggerable up to the record that we've specified with the 10. Hertz means that we can have an arbitrary dog. Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03: we want to have an electron plasma, then to capture and focus. One of the features of a laser-driven beam is that the from the source the beam is very highly diverse. It's a measured in tens of degrees, and we've got to capture and turn that into a beam with high efficiency.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You couldn't have a high field so high. and that could be normal or super reluctant
STFC-RAL-CR03: to reduce the investment and the
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the running costs. We want to use the plasma lens because this gives you selegically symmetric. So it's it's an electron gas. So it's the electric charge that's stored in the electron. Get to focus in the positive environment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It's negatively symmetric, and it gives you a short focal length without a large.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Our baseline energies for protons will run from 15, and save one
STFC-RAL-CR03: t0 127 with the post acceleration. I'm going to show you an ions in the meb beneath. John is 5 t0 34 2 h after carbon.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and when we publish the free Cdr. S0 0ur go into the initial study.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the design report we were producing this kind of dose, assuming a simulation of the target that we thought we could deliver
STFC-RAL-CR03: the target you capture. And I think that all I want to point out is that we have those rates that are in the flash regime
STFC-RAL-CR03: and in principle. Since we start with a point source. As long as we can manage the space charge forces
STFC-RAL-CR03: we can focus it being back into a point to us, and we have the possibility of doing the 1 million microvenes.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Electromagnetic is not using coordinates.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So here's the layout that actually.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so, I guess it's. It's natural, but there is a laser.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It's supposed to deliver about a jewel. In 35 It shoots into a target, and it's very important that we look at other countries. I mean.
STFC-RAL-CR03: these are the 2 gavel edges which are capturing the beam. So this is point to parallel. The third one focuses into equality, so we can make energy selection. We then pairing the beam or the magnetic lattice, we can bend it up into the first in each or in the station
STFC-RAL-CR03: for a vitro radio biology, or we can transmit it into a pixel accelerator for acceleration to the final energy. Then there's a transport line.
STFC-RAL-CR03: or you can finally go into a second high-energy of mutualization, really, but the heavier arm work than in vivo aisation which we can see with being close to a road so that you can get the Animal House.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I just want to point out that since we've got electrostatic focusing capture and the transport section followed by magnetic vens we're able to have electric and magnetic forces to select the maps, while simulations indicate we can get a 2% energy spread, and how we can select the armed species in a pure way.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Is that a new hall, or that's an existing that's a new building. So it currently I mean, this is a great argument to be having for real, but but that's a
STFC-RAL-CR03: You can see the footprint. So I think there are buildings on this side that that could host it
STFC-RAL-CR03: right
STFC-RAL-CR03: t0 0ur vision and our ambition. Obviously, we want to live a lot, but I think we have. You are not short of.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We want to make uniquely flexible and whole system that will never assist them. So a systematic and affinity radio biology program that if you like, this is deliverable, and we just, we want to prove the the feasibility of related human hybrid accelerator approach, and
STFC-RAL-CR03: to demonstrate the in in operation the invincible advantages, and by doing that we want to lay the technological foundation for a transformation of particle being therapy. And I go back t0 0ne day cycle in. That means we've got to be master of your automation. We want to be patient, specific. We need to be one of the
I
STFC-RAL-CR03: being more careful on the slide. So we've got to have the online imaging fast feed back and control both to the position of the sample.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So I think there there's a whole set of things we need to be
STFC-RAL-CR03: developing, not just the
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. So now we're going to take me through what we're already doing with Lara. I have no idea what the time it is, you know. Maybe
STFC-RAL-CR03: we have
STFC-RAL-CR03: 25 t0 30 min. Okay. So I point 21, right? So we're going to start with the laser driven source
STFC-RAL-CR03: at the moment we think we're going to use what in the laser guys jargon is is target normal sheet acceleration. So what happens is you shouldn't be a high power or laser and angle into a foil target. Is that enable? Because then the reflected team comes up to go somewhere. But doesn't it
STFC-RAL-CR03: any equipment that you have in the We' in the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the electric field here is causing the in particular, the electrons in the material to be accelerated.
STFC-RAL-CR03: driven into the
STFC-RAL-CR03: foil, and they ionize the material as they go. So the net effect is, you get a lot of electrons which Ross making with the driven by the electric drum from the laser.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and they reach relativistic velocities, and they pop out the back, and they give them away from the surface, because there is a negative power of electrons running away from the surface. You get a very high
STFC-RAL-CR03: space, John, which sucks on top of which a, which is deposited from the server. So if you have mind your carbon dioxide, if you can efficiently generate proton beams, you need to have other techniques to get the other.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is a from the from the initial publication, and that the people
STFC-RAL-CR03: for published the observation of brokons coming out of order 180,
STFC-RAL-CR03: and from such an experiment
STFC-RAL-CR03: obviously since then. So this was where the date is on there. So this was 2,006, and then had been acting development, was in a later power. The reply at the Atlantic material and the transport.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There's a huge amount of literature that i'm not going to go through. I'm just going to pick a couple of examples. So here from Dresden. So this is a long book, central as an olden book
STFC-RAL-CR03: on the track of later. They have actually made some biological measurements with a system.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and she's sketch at the top here. So they take the laser like I just had on the previous slash in the table. This is target. This is normal. She's acceleration. They've got 2 parts sole on it.
STFC-RAL-CR03: They are.
STFC-RAL-CR03: but they get a midnight, and after they're very strong, so in most they can d0 2 t0 3 passes per minute. They have a system where for 2 sol noise where they go through a focus and eventually focus clean. And then virtually, they focus to be into the sample
STFC-RAL-CR03: the kind of things that they're getting are shown here. So this is the program energy spectrum.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So you can see that in now 10
STFC-RAL-CR03: between 10 and 30. MB.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This was animated so, but so you can see
STFC-RAL-CR03: you can see the shape of the big in the theme behind there.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So this is the depth of their pink and water, so they're not. They're not controlling it in the way that we want to to to legislate. And this is an example of a radio biological measurement. So these are tumor spirits. So there are samples which are grown in vitro
same to some marker before in radiation and after radiation
STFC-RAL-CR03: the different witness that they're actually they're the Brahmins in Europe. They are the first to advance with this kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03: in America. So it, Berkeley. There's a better accelerator that i'm sure you all know. So again, the people are developing a similar system. So here there's a tape drug target and similar to the one that we want to use one.
STFC-RAL-CR03: They now use an active plasma L. So this is a discharge tube, so they they're creating a discharge as an electric current which is flying through the discharge tube. The electric current generates a magnetic field which is cylindrical, and that's what focus is the
STFC-RAL-CR03: they should let me mentally the diploma. We should damage the the cell phone. and so they also have not to make it so Survival fraction
STFC-RAL-CR03: for different samples, and they imported that also as a function of the so there are people out there Who are.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We are doing this kind of work.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The capture is a very key issue, because, unless it, the beams coming out very diversion. So I picked an example from Gs. I.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The other people are proposing to use a solar life or 2 solutions to the focusing on the iron cavity to control the long-term that space.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and you can see the shape of the beam at the bottom there.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And I think
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think my point is that that's what I'm showing you is the state of the art in the
STFC-RAL-CR03: in the production and capture.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Folks are perhaps so what we're trying to do is in is it? Begin? Forget if people begin to develop a real green line
STFC-RAL-CR03: sources Sitting here, you can see some portable triplets.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There should be any magnets like momentum, and then the beam preparation system before it goes into the
STFC-RAL-CR03: samples, the kind of energies and rates that they're able to expose themselves to are shown at the bottom there.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and we want to try and avoid the quality or focus, because obviously it's def focusing on one plane, and we think that the the efficiency of capture is done. But so here's a
STFC-RAL-CR03: and they can go, and in Europe I think one of the places that is going to be very important in this area is going to be in France. So this is Elliot.
STFC-RAL-CR03: If you see them on Eli, and they have a piece of she's had.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So here they want to have. We're actually
STFC-RAL-CR03: you need to be useful. So here is the laser coming in through the wall being prepared, and it's shot into this beam line here, which is a chicken. So they're able to select the momentum of the carpet, and their goal is to use beams.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the protons and energy through by 250, anything
STFC-RAL-CR03: transported in a
STFC-RAL-CR03: section. So that will be relatively high. Like to be
STFC-RAL-CR03: okay. So if you like, the hot news is that in October last year
STFC-RAL-CR03: application to the infrastructure fund
STFC-RAL-CR03: which was approved started, and we're now trying to develop a two-year
STFC-RAL-CR03: program to lead to a conceptual design. Report. 5 2 3 4, So the boring bit is that we've got 6 white packages. There's probably money, but we're not going to anything about.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But we are working on the development of the iron source, which is clearly critical to deliver the particles in the right place you capture.
STFC-RAL-CR03: which I think is, is, let's say, the highest technical is part of the program.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Everybody knows that laser-driven beams or people have a prejudice that you can't stabilize the laser beam, that the the flux and the energy fluctuate. So we want to be able to measure a shop by shop.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the the dose which is delivered, and we have a real-time dose
STFC-RAL-CR03: deposition profiling activity.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We know that we need to develop a novel to make a dense session. So it's not to be automated because we want to be operating 16 t0 24 h a day, not in the few hours a day that most people operate today.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There's a lot of work on normal instrumentation.
STFC-RAL-CR03: automation, computing control and all of that. But in addition, there's the interrogation of the self cultures.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is the second kind of time.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay? And then, of course, this is.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I can't read all the things is John Adams part of this one. Absolutely. Yeah. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: stressed like Belfast and Imperial Cf: so if you like on Caper in the Uk: we've got the team that can be live
STFC-RAL-CR03: in practice you need.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay, so where are we? As I've showed you what others have done where we got to? S0 0bviously this is work in progress.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and i'm only quoting this stuff, which is in the
STFC-RAL-CR03: so student xi. Lao.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and made his thesis on that on the first simulation various other things. But one of the things he did was to simulate, using a code called Smiley, which is a two-d article in cell code.
A
STFC-RAL-CR03: So this is the spectrum that he generated. So you see the the distance from the surface of the foil in microns at the bottom, and this is the transverse.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The position in the for also it's a it's a tiba metal simulation to that to me, Good! And the energy spectrum that you fit in. That was the one that you showed
STFC-RAL-CR03: the end point, which is reasonably describes data in which people are taking leave of the world is at 20 degrees. We've chosen to back off the 15 Lev.
STFC-RAL-CR03: In order to have a high rate and have a hope of stabilizing the flux.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Key thing is that we pick 15 me, as you'll see in a minute, because in order to penetrate a standard dish, we need to
STFC-RAL-CR03: and through everything
STFC-RAL-CR03: to put the bracket in a cell there. S0 1500 B means. We've got a little bit of space for that. That's the source
STFC-RAL-CR03: over the next. S0 0ur program of R&D. And also summarize on this site.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We need to be master of the beam that come down. So we we need to move from the diagnostics which exists, and what we think like that. But we need to be developing
STFC-RAL-CR03: the instrumentation that goes alongside the top.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Presently people use these kind of follows where the where the the kind of employment enlightenment is etched in such a way as to make a little place where the laser hits, which is appropriate to produce as part of the features you want.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The goal over over the period is to is eventually to build up a map
STFC-RAL-CR03: of against the Laser parameters. So this is the the the
STFC-RAL-CR03: link to the laser post.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The energy we want to measure, the energy of the particle is produced, and we really want to be able to look at that as a function of the focusing and of the contrast of the lake. So we're able to up the
STFC-RAL-CR03: We also. It is very important to us that we are able to generate particles other than protons.
STFC-RAL-CR03: They're a very
STFC-RAL-CR03: obviously techniques to use liquids, because now it's how you transport the arms you want to produce, and it can reform the target after it been here. So there's R&D, which is actually being carried out at Clf.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and it's between sapphire and it's between Belfast Imperial and the
and here's an example of that
STFC-RAL-CR03: liquid jet
STFC-RAL-CR03: we have to use that in conjunction with
STFC-RAL-CR03: advanced diagnostic. So this is a a silicon pixel device which is sitting on on a sub-strake
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the whole thing is viewed by a camera. There's a hole in the middle of this, where the the the proton being is not destroying
STFC-RAL-CR03: the
STFC-RAL-CR03: detector, and our business is to be able to measure the energy. the function of the iteration. And we want to be able to demonstrate that we can get this steam stable.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay, so that's the source
STFC-RAL-CR03: We want to be able to have a capture system. So this was the meanwhile I showed you before me that we can point parallel and then focusing it to the first
STFC-RAL-CR03: the capital one main. So the the electron Plasma L, which was published in 57, is shown us is a picture from the
STFC-RAL-CR03: in that paper there is an electron gas which is confined inside a penny trap
in a way that seems simple.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We've got a prototype in general which is shown there.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Of this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Yeah, this is the this is the photograph which is essentially constructed by that. So what we
STFC-RAL-CR03: without the lens turned on, we had these beamuts which we were created by a mask which was like at the front of the the
STFC-RAL-CR03: What do you?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Or at least the 1.4 Mv. Protocols had binged on the aperture plate. That was the lens, and then he had a a foster screamer used it at the end. When there, when the Lent was turned on we some of these nice spots in marines
STFC-RAL-CR03: which was frustrating it, indicated that the lens, indeed had an effect on the particles, but not the one that you wanted.
STFC-RAL-CR03: After a lot of work. We tied that down to a particular
STFC-RAL-CR03: instability in the plasma, which obviously declines the guys new straight off. But anyway, there is a way in which the plasma self-organized, and then it rotates as a rigid object around
STFC-RAL-CR03: the magnetic field, Acting the 2 s felt
STFC-RAL-CR03: that we got from the accelerator, which was a large number of rotations of the beams. I think what
STFC-RAL-CR03: a large number
STFC-RAL-CR03: of rotations of the plant were inside the lens, and the effect of that was that the electric field that was generated by this self-organized blood and the effect of dragging
STFC-RAL-CR03: the beam that around some kind of orbit, and that's what we saw in the so in the picture.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is a simulation that was done by another student, Titus.
STFC-RAL-CR03: That's true. And you can see that qualitatively and actually, also quantitatively.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the seems to be okay. So we now know we have to be monitor of plasma instability. So in the next
STFC-RAL-CR03: period that we want to do is actually to understand the plasma.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so we need that. So the first thing is stabilizing. So there is a simulation here
STFC-RAL-CR03: which is showing you the development of that in the
STFC-RAL-CR03: many seconds. What we have to do is to find a way in which we either passively or actively stabilize.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So I think the key thing that we want to do is actually rotate.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We want to introduce an angular moment to the past, which said
STFC-RAL-CR03: is stable because it's dynamic, and we control it because we we initiate the
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay. So the team that i'm going to be doing this is is led from the Swansea
STFC-RAL-CR03: and to sworn in Manchester with contributions from night. That stuff is around for it. And these guys delivered the the positron. It was used in the output experiment to make the h bars that are used itself. So these guys are far into the drawing of plasma. I think a key thing that, and I want to point out is that they have
STFC-RAL-CR03: the densities that they are creating demonstrate, disable.
STFC-RAL-CR03: They're able to both manipulate the positrons to accumulate them in a trap, and also to spend them using a technique. They call the rotating more technique, and they've marked and s0 0n feedback and damping
for the because the Polish one is delivered to this experiment afterwards.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But
STFC-RAL-CR03: okay, so what we for their pregnant apparatus is this one? So you can see that it it's about a meter long. They're places where you have electrodes which are able to spin the plasma, and there and there are sets of electrodes which are able to make different kind of potential wells. So what they were doing was creating.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Let's say electrons from a source you put them in.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You shape the inside of the electrodes. You raise the electrodes such that they have a potential. Well, maybe between set up. If you these 3 electrodes.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then you could
STFC-RAL-CR03: cibulate the electron gas, and then you change the potential and you can deliver them to different positions along their apparatus here.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the the kind of partners that they were deliberately shown here. So this is the radial distribution, and you can see that they're able to in a stable manner change the shape, and in the
well.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the research activity that we have to do is this is a part of purple length along the horizontal axis and the pl of density you need to get that properly.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The butter densities they use for for the experiments at surname are here. So if you would just use those your properties to be enormous, we need to get down to the place over here, where the focal length is the order of meter, and that means we need the plasma density, which is 10 t0 15 0r
STFC-RAL-CR03: the research program that they they've laid out over a 2 and 5 year program is supposed to take you from the place they are now up to the post we need to do
STFC-RAL-CR03: in the in the
STFC-RAL-CR03: so it's a five-year program. In the first 2 years we'll be what we've been doing now.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you're assuming the premises that we're aiming for that we can do the reading transport. So this is.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This is from our world Faculty 6. So it's going to get us on people. But you're seeing it all around
STFC-RAL-CR03: the line, anyway. So so these are. This is the the size is a function of distance from the source.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and you can see that we're able to manipulate the beam. So the excursion in the beam side is very large because of the high divergence, but we focus it in the first collimator. That's the end of selection. We shake the beam. You don't have a bend. There's a collimator in the center of the bend, and that's how we get the
Okay. So we're we're working on improving the online.
STFC-RAL-CR03: right?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So I mentioned at the beginning. If we have an acceleration section, we want to be able to maintain the the bond shop. So we want that to be rapid. We want to reduce the energy cost. So we don't want to be 39, so we picked the net at a.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So it's rapid acceleration. It's got a large dynamic acceptance, so that we can do Montana species without an enormous amount of red tuning.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the design that we've got at the moment is based on the I can't resign, so it's got 10 cells.
We've got 2
STFC-RAL-CR03: cavities and 2 magnetic ally in concept, lowly the hearth cavities that's actually redundant, because we only need a few Megahertz per turn in order to get the acceleration one. And these are avatars of the of the degree of so
STFC-RAL-CR03: the simulation. So we've simulated the everything as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. So
I need to point out how far the engineering is from which needs to go deal further. What we got now, the low energy in mind
STFC-RAL-CR03: how that goes into the acceleration and delivering to the different. In in addition, we've got a concept for the building which takes into account the need to have
STFC-RAL-CR03: isolation of different sections in order that work can g0 0n in parallel, and some degree of future-proofing with solar cells, and that kind of thing in order to reduce the energy costs
STFC-RAL-CR03: a really important thing. So is the if measuring the dose shot. We've got to do that every shot at the rate of 10 hertz or more at what we want to do is use an acoustic
STFC-RAL-CR03: taking. So key thing is that we're going to shoot racial passes of radiation into a material.
STFC-RAL-CR03: What that does is obviously it deposits the energy, and if the energy is deposited more quickly, then the heat can dissipate. Then what you create is a shock
STFC-RAL-CR03: in principle. If you put a microphone in. You can listen to the shock wave and read it.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Yes, so that's our goal.
STFC-RAL-CR03: What we want to do is to have our beams which are coming in. So here, to show you the
STFC-RAL-CR03: many beams which have been observed by an array of acoustic senses, and we won't, be able to reconstruct that well shown on the left-hand side. There was an initial concept for a proof that that's involved i'm going to come back to that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So we're not the first to go down this route. It turns out that in particular, in Munich
STFC-RAL-CR03: people have done such measurements here. They've had a particle being which has created these ways, and they've worked with a transducer. So this is they can be published
STFC-RAL-CR03: in the in their acoustic center, which is sitting here on the moonlight, they are able to see this reproduction of a sound wave.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And what you're seeing is the initial pulse and its reflection from the horse of the container. So they're able t0 0bserve the acoustic plot, and they.
STFC-RAL-CR03: seeing the dependence of the vultures that they get in there.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Electronics is a function of a number of purpose. So that's a crude way of saying that they are able to see the dose which is being delivered
STFC-RAL-CR03: for the to be.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So what we're trying to do now is we're trying to design an experiment which we want to take throughout the new
STFC-RAL-CR03: in music to put on their laser
STFC-RAL-CR03: the beam line they have is a is a source which is sitting here. They have a quadrupole doublet to focus. There is a pollinator not showing somewhere along here, and eventually they shoot that in over this two-meter distance into their desk chamber.
STFC-RAL-CR03: That's how they got the data that I showed you a long ago
STFC-RAL-CR03: at source the energy distribution that you're getting from there. That protocol is roughly described by this. so you can see that there's a small right out at the relatively high engines. I want to be able to pick a a bike around.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Let's say 20 led.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and assume that Imperialists
STFC-RAL-CR03: made a simulation of that. So assuming that we take a 2% energy spread around 20. Mev: that's the
STFC-RAL-CR03: any deposition inside the
STFC-RAL-CR03: skin inside the it's water containing a volume so that's the brack peak that we're trying to.
STFC-RAL-CR03: What we want to do is
STFC-RAL-CR03: take the water and do it with liquidity later. Or maybe we're going to use a lot of it. So the seeds later is going to give us a reference.
STFC-RAL-CR03: energy, deposition. profile that we're. Then, in a briefly stuck with the
STFC-RAL-CR03: with the acoustic sensor. So we're in principle for that level. So what? Where? Your son is getting a
STFC-RAL-CR03: array of a who's expensive?
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think this would be quite expensive. But it's just You've got an array of sensors which are seeing here plotted from from the side and from the top.
The distribution is such as to get the the better.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think it's
STFC-RAL-CR03: there's a minimum number of senses. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: what she does is she? She takes the data on those senses and applied an algorithm which is inter at the time of us. So you just run the sound backwards and see where it would have
STFC-RAL-CR03: where where the signals converge, and where they will come from. If you do that
STFC-RAL-CR03: 3 0r 4 times you can reconstruct the the distribution which
STFC-RAL-CR03: the way you're seeing on the right-hand side is the black line is what jail? It says the energy institution looked like from the sample that she injected.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and you can see that the reconstruct of the sound wave.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But the first iteration is the blue dash line, and it actually ends up with the red is a flash. Yeah, red dash lines. So I think in particular, we're able to see where the bee is, and we're able to use one image, at least from paper.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the goal is to make a proof of principal experiment and
STFC-RAL-CR03: undeclared timescale is that we are a we are actually. We have created that vessel that could in principle do it
STFC-RAL-CR03: by the end of the summer.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The proof of but another thing I've already got 2 min on the you but we've got to design the end- So there's a work practice for people of the novel, and then I already outlined the instrumentation challenges
STFC-RAL-CR03: a very important thing. We're doing first off is consulting the potential users. So there's a peer group consultation exercise because the people that are developing this is not actually going to be the user so somehow we're reaching out to them to try and understand
STFC-RAL-CR03: what they might have. But the low energy. And
STFC-RAL-CR03: you can see how we reach the 59 0f the baseline. This is the energy deposition as a function of depth in a standard so-called
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think only that so we we are able to irradiate cells.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the people turning up with the sole contribution they have in their pocket. I think one should bear in mind that this this facility is 85 t0 100000000and I think to exclude ab initio. The development of of of so-called traditions. Within an entry in those
STFC-RAL-CR03: is perhaps not what we want to do. But I think we want to attract the users, and therefore
STFC-RAL-CR03: and we're able to regulate the samples
STFC-RAL-CR03: in general
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. I rushing it. But anyway, so here is the conclusions.
STFC-RAL-CR03: What I want it to do is go back to the history. So here's here's what the rath one of, and 47 is offscale, right? So actually, we're we're here.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And if you look at the way radio therapy is never there are things that frankly, I mean that. So? There is the restraints that people have to have because of, because you want to put the control the movement in order that the beam goes right there, and there's a scene, almost what they
STFC-RAL-CR03: and we want to be swimming that now. That means we have to be developing accelerated techniques. But we need to be master of the food system, meaning that we've got to do any floods from the
STFC-RAL-CR03: and I've tried to indicate at the beginning. But you also need to be. Healthy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Biologists get a better handle on the biology for processing
STFC-RAL-CR03: to do that. We've got these 3 things in in the program.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So we've got the.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and there's a small project that we're doing there that I can tell you about
STFC-RAL-CR03: if you
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then, of course, we want to be contributing to the fundamental biology as natural scientists. It's not the biology that we should be thinking we're expert on, but we can help with instrumentation and getting things more
STFC-RAL-CR03: so.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think the
STFC-RAL-CR03: you can make it uniquely flexible, because we can Already our species change the energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think we can try an aid for a disruptive work, and that's forward to the approach on the timescale of medicine. So I guess we're going to do the research for certainty, and then. if it works out.
STFC-RAL-CR03: our opportunity is to develop these systems in a, in a production system that does the radio quality. We deliver that the dedicated radio body program which already generates impact.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and we contribute to the
STFC-RAL-CR03: show you the savings. One thing I I
STFC-RAL-CR03: did not explain is, I think, a number of technologies which I've I've rushed through there have impact, perhaps, in the future of the art which actually is one of my motivations for me
STFC-RAL-CR03: project. So I think that
STFC-RAL-CR03: in a controlled way we might be able to spin back in some of these things into the fundamental science.
STFC-RAL-CR03: You very much
STFC-RAL-CR03: just one.