Discoveries.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and so I'll start to to illustrate that with a couple of quotes, and whenever i'm quoting, i'll give an indication. This is from a read, and
STFC-RAL-CR03: by the late 1950 s particle physicists were beginning to feel as if they were drowning in a Greek alphabet soup. If I had drunk the names of all these particles. Family once complained, I had become a botanist in Sem, a physicist
STFC-RAL-CR03: where 3 decades before they then just 3 elementary particles, the electron program and photon by 1,959 over 30.
STFC-RAL-CR03: If you're included all the antithonicles in their attempts to understand the forces holding a new car together and tearing them apart. These scientists have broken open a very tall and orderous box
STFC-RAL-CR03: that was only
STFC-RAL-CR03: the later
STFC-RAL-CR03: By the early sixties. Theorists are clamouring for Victor Mesons. The experimenters did their best to oblige them all to confound them by discovering other as yet unprecedented resonances with the 72 in Bubble Chamber. This disposal, the Alvarist group had decided advantage in the quest.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The first victimism the case star was discovered in Berkeley, late in 1,960. The pioneering resonance has spin one and a mass of about 892, almost half of the proton remarkable at that time legal. By the next hour I am resonates the Row, 2
STFC-RAL-CR03: Erez Agmoni and the 3 Pine residents. Dominica had shown up at Brooklyn and Berkeley both. It's been one, and masses of about 760 mev the floodgates had burst. So all this is going on, while I'm still an undergraduate and 150,
STFC-RAL-CR03: I did a a master's degree which was fantastic, the helpful to me as a as you'll see, because I went into detective work, and my professor was Robin Cherry, who had a Phd. From from from Cambridge, so he knew Dennis well. It's a very important point 1 1
STFC-RAL-CR03: we will see why in a minute.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So what happened was that that we were together
STFC-RAL-CR03: rejoicing over all these discoveries, and I couldn't think of a more interesting field to get to working as I tend to do. So I wrote to a number of Uk universities
STFC-RAL-CR03: and
STFC-RAL-CR03: you know all all the megabytes. He advised me to apply to oxen rather than Cape to be put Wilkinson, and moved his group from
STFC-RAL-CR03: Hey, Good!
STFC-RAL-CR03: And they all set back, you know, usual application for, and so on, so forth.
STFC-RAL-CR03: but not Oxford, then, is right Personally, back I'd be very happy to have you in my apartment
STFC-RAL-CR03: rather straight, open, full, and application for why? It was when he been on some committee that that some
STFC-RAL-CR03: scholarship applications that I didn't get scholarship. But nevertheless he remember name. So that's that's why he just wrote back and said, and and I specifically said to him in biological physics, what was going on in Oxford at that time
STFC-RAL-CR03: it's quite interesting.
STFC-RAL-CR03: will. As I say. Wilkinson came in 1,956. A personal chair was assigned to nuclear physics held by those of them. 57 to 76,
STFC-RAL-CR03: 59, a proposal for a large new nucleus structured nuclear physics laboratory at Octon University were put forward for research in nuclear structure and in evidently particle physics in roughly equal proportions.
STFC-RAL-CR03: In 1,960. An interim moved to a disused school building. That's 21 dandy road that was out, so I came to
STFC-RAL-CR03: we're released much into space in the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the building. Proposals were accepted, but that year the then Minister for Science wanted the whole project transferred to how well
STFC-RAL-CR03: this was yet another obstacle that would have deterred any but a determined and strong-lined professor, exceptionally android, would argue in his case.
STFC-RAL-CR03: where it began in 1962 on a new building containing a nearby an accelerator injected into a tandem undergraph for experiments on nuclear structure.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Elementary particles has explained use of international facilities, including the Rutherford Laboratory, and servants.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: that was the that was a background to the group, to the department to which I I was accepted. It was a full department in those days. What subject on as it is now.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So Robin Cherry advised me, before going to Oxford to up in to the brother for the laboratory, as it
STFC-RAL-CR03: it wasn't just a
STFC-RAL-CR03: and talk to a
STFC-RAL-CR03: from my high school. So I did that. So the day before I went into the department, I came here
STFC-RAL-CR03: and met up with Godfrey and he he talked about things, and so on, and he told me they came to the lowdown on what groups they were in the Department of Oxford, and from that it was quite clear really that the only group that would be matched. My interest was that of of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the reason being that he and his was the only group that was doing other experiments, and I was interested in detectors in part of the physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So I thought, okay? Well, it's great to have that guidance, and so on. And I imagined that the meeting with this the following day would be a formality.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There was anything butter for ballots, because Dennis had in mind convinced me to switch to nuclear structure. But he had this huge thing being built across the road, and he needed students, and he needed so I mean, they did try to be as well wasn't first, I think, first of all, and so
STFC-RAL-CR03: we had this weird conversation. And the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the white boy, he said to me, you're wrong, you know, for a long time, if you'll fall longer than he intended.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this is where you said
STFC-RAL-CR03: I can't understand why it was so enthusiastic to be part of the physics. I didn't what it just sound like I need to talk about all these reasons for the thing that really attracted me to it. So I gave a slightly more area like I said, Well, it's it was true, I I said. I've been studying.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Probably you often show off the theorem quantized fields.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Oh.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Field Series. Then you should definitely work in nuclear structure.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Article physics is all rich in polls these days.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and so that was my introduction to the Bootstrap theory which would feel free to
STFC-RAL-CR03: he. Then he gave me a list of names and group leaders in the nuclear structure and told me to go and talk to them, and then come back and report purpose.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and I disobey his orders.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Not first. I don't probably know the last time at travel at school as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and
STFC-RAL-CR03: to the off the click and the click room.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and they couldn't take me, because I've already filled their place in one place that they didn't.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So. Nevertheless they sort of were kind to me, and they said, Look just. We'll see if we can work something out
STFC-RAL-CR03: and so I was about to come into the lab, and as I was attending to the back door, so I was kind of inconspicuous. I mean everybody is back to a Webinar. I was like Well, Bill Williams has built a control box for a spot chamber. Experiment would be done later at Birmingham University.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It box didn't work. I mean. It just turned on for it come from. We had been assembled, and nothing worked. Everything's oscillating so we
STFC-RAL-CR03: could I not to get the C working?
STFC-RAL-CR03: And so I have electronics like that. Why, a bit.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But to my consolation
STFC-RAL-CR03: for the transistors.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Tedtown University was still in the age of backing Jews, and so I was a to be with his box. So I then went to others in the group.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and
see it.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And so you'll see a little more what this is in a minute. But basically the guy who helped me was was was Neil Middles, and Neil
STFC-RAL-CR03: was an expert in electronics, and they knew everything was to know about transist, and so he taught me that very quickly. And I was saying to debug this box. By the way, I was in this picture our graduate students. John Mann and John Emerson. We're both here ahead of me.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Tom Quirk was here behind me. This was taken in 1,964. I think it's, too.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this is David here too.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Who later on moved with, author to like us. Us.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So. so that was. That was a group now.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I
STFC-RAL-CR03: that it's wrong.
STFC-RAL-CR03: We'll move
STFC-RAL-CR03: the quotation from James Watson Codes center of DNA, advised the young scientists on his retirement.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and that really struck me. If I had that device that I would probably have done what I did, anyway, but so that was quite. You said that from time to time, young side you said from time to time, young side, you said from time to time your career. You will have a boss.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Want you to do something you really don't want to do.
STFC-RAL-CR03: They had idea it's it's hard enough to do well, something you do want to do, and it's impossible to do well, something you really don't want to do, and I think that's good advice. People remember that not to push that people around and get when we don't so absolutely have
STFC-RAL-CR03: so. Anyway, it all worked out fine. That.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you just saw is is this former here? This is the group.
STFC-RAL-CR03: the department photograph taken in in 1,965.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and so these are the people, and there are several quantities about the photograph. First of all, is that so? you know. Here's Dennis and many, many ladies. These are all scanning girls, they one of the single physicists about, and they all the scanning does the problem change.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then there's a lot of notes.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Interestingly, there are only 2 group leaders in this photograph, which is
STFC-RAL-CR03: good chatting about Jamie and Michael Grace
STFC-RAL-CR03: Erez Agmoni was a nuclear structure mode, so that's rather odd. And, in fact, it was somewhat symptomatic, because it turned out that some of the group leaders are not very happy with the situation. They, including Claire Williams and 101,
STFC-RAL-CR03: and Chris Johnson, who were the group leaders in the group, the uterus working none of them present. and that was sort of a bit of a boycott in the photograph. And this is an extra clarin in that taking the summer. And of course you don't see that tree anymore, because that's where the Beacon building is today.
STFC-RAL-CR03: There as well as the businesses, there's a lot of accelerated people who were involved in constructing the turn of.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I was reminded of that as as
STFC-RAL-CR03: But the illustration of Big Boscop won't stay of the contrast between the different people who work in our field. and contrast and thinking back to the voyages of the discovery of versus the Columbus.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And he said that the accelerator builds of today are equivalent to the shipbuilders and those who who who navigated the ships across the Atlantic for the work of discovery.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The experimentalists. He was a little bit dismissed, he said, These are the ones who sit there's passengers on the ship, and when they reach an end to the other end they jump off, and and right now what they've seen. That's what about the theorist? And remember, here's the theorist, is it? Oh, those are the folks who sit back in the cafe in Spain
STFC-RAL-CR03: and out how long it's going to take for months to reach India. So it's quite a interesting
STFC-RAL-CR03: picture, which I think is somewhat relevant to what happened in regard to the to the of the Bootstrap theory.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So, in contrast to that photograph, I just show you this one, which is the composition of the P. 5 Pan in a Bfo's article, Physics
STFC-RAL-CR03: Prioritization
STFC-RAL-CR03: Project prioritization panel, which is currently assembled in the us for thinking about the next 10 years, and it's experiencing features. The one is that it's a 14 female, 15 in the in the in the rampship plus the leaders and average age about 45.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It's so nice to see some. You know young people I mean petra Merkel, for example, was actually.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I would say, a difficult time to be if I've established it, and then she's done a it's been fantastically well, it's on. It's not so many people and the international representatives which you see down here, you know. so
STFC-RAL-CR03: this
STFC-RAL-CR03: is the panel which is now a meeting until August, when hopefully they will do up a plan for the for the future.
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. So let's get to the point about the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the way that that really works. It is
STFC-RAL-CR03: with the explosion of new residences. In the early 1960 s constituent models plunged into this favor. It became increasingly difficult to imagine. Any member of this unruly zoo
STFC-RAL-CR03: being somehow more fundamental than the others.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Art and field periods of the strong force were also in decline.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The time is right indeed, for new and radical approaches one out of the spermat
STFC-RAL-CR03: and 2 theories that were to dominate possible to the rest of the day the bootstrap theory and the eight-fold way both of those a very good man had a a major part in and and that. So you know. That was the beginning of all this.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But it was Professor Jeffrey Chu, University of California, who nurtured these ideas into full flowering with his bootstrap on the Hadrons
STFC-RAL-CR03: Cameras man had been outspoken to thrust his model into world prominence, logic through the force of his own personality.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The notion that certain particles are fundamental, while others of complex, he wrote in a single 1,961 article is becoming less and less palatable for barryons of Mesons. As a number of candidates. Elementary status continues to increase 2
STFC-RAL-CR03: the bootstrap model was more a long-range program than a full-edged particle theory
STFC-RAL-CR03: they accepted on faith more than anything else the proposition that there were no elementary headlines, and consider these cardinals instead as being built entirely from one another. This proton, for example, is a complex combination of a bad proton, proton, and a neutron and a finance. So on that circle, adding tonight
STFC-RAL-CR03: the same don't you for any other.
STFC-RAL-CR03: by virtue of their involvement in the strong force, had onto all mutual composites of each other that hold themselves up into existence by their boost tracks, that you, for example.
STFC-RAL-CR03: in this model, intrinsic properties of hymns, like maths and lifesides, were to be calculated, not by appeal to some limited group of simpler, fundamental building blocks instead, though result from a self-consistent solution, and do it
STFC-RAL-CR03: Argument of self-consistency
STFC-RAL-CR03: to a separate way from blinking each hadron to all the others in principle it was a beautiful idea when the oak not insert any arbitrary, unexplained numbers, like the masses of supposedly fundamental parts, into the theory.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This was Ockham's razor, and its sharpest as to himself, put it in 1,965.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Each particle helps to generate other articles, which in turn generate it.
STFC-RAL-CR03: In this circular and violent and nonlinear situation. It's possible to imagine that no free parameters here, and that the only self-consistent set of particles is that one we find in nature, or wouldn't that be a one?
STFC-RAL-CR03: A a welcome situation to to get into. Now, at Oxford there was quite a strong family for this author that he himself was a transplant. I had a great difficulty trying to understand it. And eventually
STFC-RAL-CR03: that was basically said, said, said, If you if you go to enough seminars, you said you'll you'll understand it by osmosis. Well, I didn't think that really going to work? Certainly not for me. And so there was there was a problem, but there was also
STFC-RAL-CR03: I
STFC-RAL-CR03: all right.
STFC-RAL-CR03: a skeptic regarding the Bootstrap theory, which was, which was
STFC-RAL-CR03: the dollars.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Who is an officer just come to Austin.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: let me just see
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. So what happened was in January
STFC-RAL-CR03: 1,963.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So I don't even in Oxford for like 3 months. There was a seminar in this band by Jeffrey, 2 visitors, and that and in which he a
STFC-RAL-CR03: as best he could. the the features of this era.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and there was one in the audience who was friend enough to constantly interrupt, and that was Dick dance in a very polite and calm way. But nevertheless he was asking a lot of difficult questions, and at some point Dennis
STFC-RAL-CR03: actually got quite angry with Dick, and said that he was antagonizing the distinguished speaker.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and Dick responded that he wasn't trying to antagonize anybody he just wanted to understand, and we students were so liable to hear that, because it wasn't kind of saying that we should be going by the so that was that was an interesting exchange and and one which
STFC-RAL-CR03: which
STFC-RAL-CR03: came a little bit the the atmosphere and time, and i'll come back to to dict all its later, because there's another development.
STFC-RAL-CR03: At the end of this seminar there is a discussion about what new accelerators should be built
STFC-RAL-CR03: well as well as the thing going up across the road. There was a Nimrod being built here at the Zgs at Aug. On that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: What would you think about that? He waste of money?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, what about the much more powerful
STFC-RAL-CR03: Ags and the Ps.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And he was negative about that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: At Berkeley people were thinking about what they call the 200 Bv machine which events would be in the seventh trial.
STFC-RAL-CR03: What was his opinion about that? All of these should be cancelled in his opinion, because within a matter of months Bootstrap theory would have everything worked out. You know the salt, the room
STFC-RAL-CR03: Hadronic interactions and and nothing would be done. And Ian Corp. It was also the other graduate student. We started at the same time, and I remember following that coffee we were just like
STFC-RAL-CR03: he joined the wrong field. I mean it's all going to be closing down with him. there is. It was so powerful, and and people were were taken in that. So so so that was a that was a negative
STFC-RAL-CR03: situation for us.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So the thing about boots that they do with these ranging trajectories, which to this day, to be perfectly honest, are a bit of mischief to me. So you've plot the mass of resonances, and these are of different
STFC-RAL-CR03: a different type shape different Jp. Assignments, and so on. And they all follow by accurately. the this. So you're probably the angular momentum against the mass where and they all line these closely similar straight lines.
STFC-RAL-CR03: there's a lot of use of processing. So in the in the negative mass direction this becomes the momentum transfer for for the across cross processes. And so the the poly on trajectory or this F 0 here is related to elastic scattering.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But there's a lot of other stuff that goes into an aspect scattering, so that is a difficult one to handle theoretically, in which I've never gone any with that. It should have been much simpler for other clean exchange processes. So, for example, the road trajectory, which is responsible for 5 Honestly, child, exchange 2
STFC-RAL-CR03: and and and and others hyper charged, and so on
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez agmoni. So I was signed by Pagan Code to study. I'd be charged with. I'm not in the residence region they're getting a little bit of buffet. And we were finding the problem to to fiddle this stuff between the residences and the and the 101.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the the Bootstrap predictions from the Reggie polls. so it was already proper to that. I then went to Brookhagen, and I was attracted to the C by a corner of Brookhaven user group on the Ags. We've got to much higher energy, of course, 250,
STFC-RAL-CR03: and they were studying very on the Exchange, which is typically clean, because you did it back with the in the differential cross-section.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And then, when I finished with that, I came back as a postdoc here to run for that and work with people at Cern and Birmingham University on high virtual of exchange, on on the on the Ps. And and that was another cleaning process where you had a
STFC-RAL-CR03: clean regime exchange.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I'm still confused as to the status of these ready trajectories. Theoretically.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I saw a a recent publication from a cern, dearest, saying a straight library. Each direction were later understood as a rising from massless endpoints on rotating relativistic strings. Well, that doesn't convey very much to me, and i'm not sure how this, but but anyway, at some
STFC-RAL-CR03: that's that's still this form of period which they are, they still, say, and of course, maybe one day, if you could do soft as it could, 2 CD. All of this will come out, but it certainly hasn't so hasn't done so yet.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: the
STFC-RAL-CR03: As I said that the work of my group in support this theoretical structure is
STFC-RAL-CR03: culminated in these very precise measurements of hyperbolic exchange Experiment the lesson 20 on the Ps.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But there are a lot of technical challenges, and we needed. a special check that comes there. There's a lot of pie discrimination, and some of large angular coverage, and I had in my group a very good one
STFC-RAL-CR03: physicists from from Zack. They reacted, if you was in, at least when you retired. And I've been invited to Brooklyn from experts on, so on. We thought we knew what we were doing, but it turned out that
STFC-RAL-CR03: the mirrors that we were prototyping were in, but they were. They didn't have sufficient optical quality, and so we had to had to make it improvements. I turned out that naturally, as you might expect.
STFC-RAL-CR03: led to a big increase in cost.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And so it was trepid. They actually went into Japan, and he was now in the pocket of Pvd. And went to talk to him about it.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And at this was actually seem to be very angry. I mean, he said, you know his budget is, and so on, and I thought, My God, this is, you know, really serious. I can get I can get some fired to this and but at the same point. He just calm down, and he said,
STFC-RAL-CR03: Because, he said, we're not going to stop your experiment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The money was found, and we were able to do the job. But in the process of this he also asked how I was running the group when I was a postdoc. I wasn't really the group either group. Media was a professor in Birmingham, but anyway, it'll be here. You're sort of on the spot, and so
STFC-RAL-CR03: I did. You help group meetings. Of course we have. We should group meetings. do you?
STFC-RAL-CR03: I said. No, because of the meeting. Everybody remembers what we talked about, and we come on next week.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Complete waste of time, Jefferson. I never thought that if you had to have reading it, and from that day forth everybody from my group with a test about and stack that we would. But I would always write the reading. That's usually the day of meeting, or the worst case there to keep that on track, and it is definitely, in my opinion, a really valuable way to to maintain that focus on what's going on.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So ss 120 was eventually a completely successful experiment, and we started to think about going on
STFC-RAL-CR03: with this hyper charge exchange to the higher energies because the higher energy that there was this business of these reduced factories. would then over if they were not satisfying the the bootstrap theory, and did they, or did they not? And so on. So this is interest in the taking these things
STFC-RAL-CR03: to higher energies and that would have required As we saw it. We looked in quite some detail, a focusing spectrum, and it was already one of but we needed micro trapping precision, and how to do that. Well.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so one day
STFC-RAL-CR03: I was walking
STFC-RAL-CR03: from the Call Park with Jeff.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and they're talking about this, and he said, oh, it's very interesting, he said, Well come and give us a talk at the
STFC-RAL-CR03: scientific
STFC-RAL-CR03: Programs Subcommittee. I didn't know that I have had such a thing. I don't think it does any longer. And so that was the
STFC-RAL-CR03: the place where new ideas we've discussed. And so this is the the the beginning of the on the right top and conclusions that you you could get down to sort of micro precision. Possibly. we definitely need to index medium tracking system as far as we went.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Then I heard that at Berkeley the Alberta's group were working with liquids down proportional chambers, so I was allowed to make a trip, and
STFC-RAL-CR03: I didn't see what they were doing.
STFC-RAL-CR03: which is very interesting. But it was also not converging, and in the end they actually didn't succeed. With this this was 1,970, and how time flies!
STFC-RAL-CR03: Our course is the the project manager for the
STFC-RAL-CR03: worldwide network, light sources. Dr. Wall, which has its a base here at the diamond. And so she was just 2 weeks old when I was presenting this stuff to this subcommittee, and they were very supportive, and so on. But what happened was that?
STFC-RAL-CR03: it was clear that the the difficulty, the bootstrap theory to to seriously address the the data was quite discouraging, and so we we eventually just dropped this initiative. It would be
STFC-RAL-CR03: big challenge, and by that, as you'll see on the next slide the boot. That theory was starting to form into this favor.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And in fact, when he started to move in, we thought, oh, well, here now with we'll be able to calculate with these things, and I bumped into a theorist.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Don't know if you want to know that so? And said, When would that be put all this beautiful data on these various processes? And how long would it take for Qcd. To be able to to replace the fading bootstraft you give us 6 months. Well, I think you know, with 150
STFC-RAL-CR03: that's Ucd. We've been waiting like 50 years, we still still can't do that. So, I I think the it was. The loss of interest in this sort of physics was
STFC-RAL-CR03: was inevitable and ridiculous at the Eps Conference, in dilemma of 1,975, the
STFC-RAL-CR03: to a shop and a very nice rapporteur on trapping systems.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I remember
STFC-RAL-CR03: being a bit worried because he said that the basis drift I was the ultimate tracking detective. So you like, you know, 100 right on precision. Nothing will ever be needed in possible physics. Well, we've already had this slight sturbish, which didn't get anywhere in 1,970, but by then 75. We're just beginning to see
STFC-RAL-CR03: the implications of the discovery of charm, and a little while later, the longer, even longer, the unexpectedly vessels. And so. Such tracking detectors with micron decision would be really valuable. And so we we re awakened all that with the atmosphere collaboration. And
STFC-RAL-CR03: we're thinking, of course, still a cond that's medium detectors. But certainly not a liquid that was not appropriate for that kind of requirement. And so we look very carefully into the possibility of 150.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Then, so you can, pixel detectors and add to the conclusions as a way forward. It's probably the best proposed. This developed proposal. We wrote: we sent it off the selection panel B. The spheres in those days.
STFC-RAL-CR03: but it was rejected most briefly, with only 2 words too speculative.
STFC-RAL-CR03: They thought that that it was almost guaranteed not to work
STFC-RAL-CR03: and but very luckily Gabriela, who was ahead of the Ep division in certain at that time was able to find the money. We just wanted to put 3 of these things in a in a test team, and when we did
STFC-RAL-CR03: we found that we got, you know, 5 micro and 4 or 5 micron precision and full of efficiency. And so, that was not. That was a we got over that particular hurdle, and of course, these guys, every Vertex detective
STFC-RAL-CR03: got over from Microsoft, so that has become the the standard approach to to high precision. And
STFC-RAL-CR03: There was a conference in Oxford, I tell you, as a graduate student, I wasn't
STFC-RAL-CR03: able to attend international conferences, but there was one that was actually held in Oxford, and there was a talk by Kovsky, who was not Jeffrey Chubert, one of his disciples.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and he? All the updates on this is now 65 right? This is on the Bootstrap. Theories are complicated and confusing.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The naturalness and simplicity of the underlying physical ideas are not easily recognized by those who are not specialists. There was also an opinion that people who were too
STFC-RAL-CR03: well-informed in quantum field theory at some sort of mental block against the boots that theories. And there was all this sort of psychological arguments and stuff going on
STFC-RAL-CR03: that conference. I mean You'd probably not even heard of that conference, but for those who were around at the time they developed an enormous about to rise, because we haven't have no idea who decided that they would have as the Conference dinner and Oxford in the Pop Great Place for you. So that photograph
STFC-RAL-CR03: in the university parks. And so there was this ox being roasted, and of the other ancillary foods around the sun. As you all know, particle physicists at conferences get very hungry. And so yeah. But this option is taking 250.
STFC-RAL-CR03: It was a chilly night, and it was taking hours longer, and so to it to cook. So all the salads and the vegetables, and so we can see that some of them gathering around this option could have been a serious, you know. Crash situation to get it to say all these businesses crashing around, I believe, over looking at it from a far we've
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. It seems we had some of the opportunities. But it was it was badly
STFC-RAL-CR03: after so long as we talk, and he was very polite. But this was a a cartoon that he that he showed
STFC-RAL-CR03: Now this will stand for centuries. he didn't make any reference what he was talking about, but some, I guess that was a that was a little bit of a prediction about things not going by way that that the Bootstrap people for so it
STFC-RAL-CR03: it rose to the summit of its influence in 1,966 a year later, by which time I was at Brookhaven, that I certainly couldn't get so this was
STFC-RAL-CR03: the Rochester Conference
STFC-RAL-CR03: at Berkeley.
STFC-RAL-CR03: me go to the S. Matrix and Bootstrap. Theorists around the globe
STFC-RAL-CR03: at the request of the organizers. Gail man.
STFC-RAL-CR03: an introductory talk of the opening session to summarize the current state of particle physics, and set the time for the whole affair.
STFC-RAL-CR03: After relating some recent successes of S. Major's theory, he turned to the cart model
STFC-RAL-CR03: the the night for the pops up.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Necessarily the invention. What are these thoughts about their possible existence in nature, he was none too hopeful.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The idea that nesons and barons are made primarily of forks is difficult to believe, since we know that they are most, if not entirely made up out of one another.
STFC-RAL-CR03: The probability that a met on consists of a real part there, rather than 2 bosons, or a barrier on an antibiotic must be quite small. He was very negative about the reality of Fox. He saw them as a mathematical convenience, but he didn't believe in the box as such at that time.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so you know, here you have the leading theorists of the day.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and soon to receive the Nobel Prize for developing the 8 wrong way, warning the entire conference not to take his own. hypothesis to literally.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I had to be right indeed.
STFC-RAL-CR03: to continue believing in parts.
STFC-RAL-CR03: But despite his admonitions, a small group of physicists did continue leaving costs.
STFC-RAL-CR03: One of their needs, in fact, was the scheduled rapporteur for the session on symmetries and strong interactions. A theorist at Oxford University with divers
STFC-RAL-CR03: embrace, the Park model in 1,965. Shortly after a book over this first paper of our cost.
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez Agmoni and a Summer Institute that year at Lazush, he stayed in his room almost the entire time creating everything he could find out about Fox, and working out his own non-relativistic part of the leaving only 100
STFC-RAL-CR03: to eat. As we also teach this course
STFC-RAL-CR03: to get a little bogo he's widely regarded as one of the 2 farms in the small
STFC-RAL-CR03: balance was supposed to discuss abstract symmetries in his Berkeley talk.
STFC-RAL-CR03: but he concentrated almost exclusively on his quark model, much to the chagrin of any theorist present.
STFC-RAL-CR03: After a summary of the basics in a short survey of the unsuccessful park searches violence launched into a detailed account of how all the known vessels and baryons can be built up from corks, and any boss.
STFC-RAL-CR03: explaining their masses. Spins decayed all other observer properties to many presence this was like the messy nuclear physics they left behind to work in pocketing offices. Yawns appeared on many faces, and all that. A few physicists began to nod off.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Girl man, abruptly left. During the first hour of the tour.
STFC-RAL-CR03: after a coffee break. Only a third of the original audience returned to endure the final hour.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and as well. At that conference there was an unusual thing in the conference excursion
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the and that excursion there was a there was a notice put up next to it, saying that those who would would would prefer.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and we could skip the excursion and spend the day discussing Bootstrap theory in a discussion to be there by Professor Chu, and somebody had crossed out with Professor. But the Reverend 150
STFC-RAL-CR03: to see first considered almost like evangelical leader of the subject. So
STFC-RAL-CR03: but that was 66.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, very soon after that they started to move fast for following 10 years
STFC-RAL-CR03: Highly an electron with you. I'm deep in elastic scabbing stones and slack
STFC-RAL-CR03: hotels were discovered. They didn't yet know the charges I energy neutrino loop you up staffing at the Ss. And FBI,
STFC-RAL-CR03: which I mean. Now you could identify the Department. As for actually charge box.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I I'm. I'm scared to the the
STFC-RAL-CR03: for us one. He experiments it and that
STFC-RAL-CR03: the discovery of the chong got in 74, which was amazing because it was such a clean example of the non-relativistic
STFC-RAL-CR03: discovery of the
STFC-RAL-CR03: at 177 7 is a sequence of developments, and those decisive developments almost buried the bootshap theory.
STFC-RAL-CR03: 2 CD. Emerged, and once again the
STFC-RAL-CR03: field theories were in fashion. You can't believe that there was long period when but nothing to be done. I mean the moves that they had some idea that with the S matrix you only talked about measurable. And when you're talking about field theories. You're talking about space time
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez agmoni, down to small dimensions beyond what was achievable, and therefore they were somehow suspect. So the whole business of field theories were in disrepute in the eyes of those who were pushing in, and of course, 101
STFC-RAL-CR03: the the discovery of the blue on etc., the 3 and events was a particularly powerful.
STFC-RAL-CR03: indicating the the validity of asymptotic food and and it really there in some sense
STFC-RAL-CR03: Jeffrey Chew continued to read the theoretical physics, Rupert at Berkeley. For many years he never abandoned the concept, and his doctoral students did include some very.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and then the people David Gross for the No, no, no prize in 2,004 with will check, and on itself discovery, asymptotic freedom.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Schwartz, Johnny Schwartz, and his a student Theorem
STFC-RAL-CR03: and so the echoes of the bootstrap theory can be found in the street theory, and you know who knows
STFC-RAL-CR03: a multi-colored multi-favor poison, but it may someday through to be composed of some universal string
STFC-RAL-CR03: melted and vibrating differently for each species in some n-dimensional space each receive it's maps, and not in the case of photon.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I'm tangling with the fog of expos on I mean it's a dream. And who knows?
STFC-RAL-CR03: There's a book You' to the now of physics. I am
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez agmoni, by a feature of Capra and he's not about administrations, which are you know, Sort of suggested right? So he is one of them from the soon Tennessee 927 AD and you know. If you look at this you can imagine. I mean, you know, this 150.
STFC-RAL-CR03: This might be a photon, and at least might be a a top box or a cycle. So you know it's there are all sorts of philosophical links that eventually the who knows what what may come up? so.
STFC-RAL-CR03: finally something I only discovered yesterday. Steve Watts very funny, and if he's on on zoom or not, but he very kindly sent me a link to a book. He'll get higher speculations, grand theories, and failed. Revolutions in physics and cosmology. I've only read the one section on it on the boost trap theory
STFC-RAL-CR03: which the lively, kindly They agreed to buy a copy, and once you agree to our copy, then you can get the Pdf. Immediately. So I was able to read that, and it's full of very interesting points in this chapter 6 rising for the Bootstrap program.
STFC-RAL-CR03: One of the not reality is the space time continuum, and hence all field theories. you know. So I I I talk it behavior on that I mean the idea that specifying the space and continuum is somehow suspect. I mean it's something that we're we're aware of from from baby. But I mean it comes, it comes. It comes very hard to to imagine how how you could have a theory that
STFC-RAL-CR03: didn't about to me that that's just my
STFC-RAL-CR03: There was a claim that that they calculated the masses of the row but 650 Mev. And that was in Kappa's book that it shows it. Find the diagram. Now, if you've been to talk about non-existence of space-time and I don't know what finding diagrams are doing this and I think there's a lot of Bible.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I'm thinking in this in this stuff. It to me very confusing. I can't. I can't try to have a deep understanding at all. the finance opinion of the Bootstrap approach was quite negative. One
STFC-RAL-CR03: i'm i'm just i'm not going to, you know. quoting these. But there! There's a lot of very interesting observations in that in that article the resurgence of the field theories which we all
STFC-RAL-CR03: of seeing lead to stand involved. But
STFC-RAL-CR03: Bison, like that interesting comment, always is interesting premise and put it in.
STFC-RAL-CR03: He says,
STFC-RAL-CR03: That it contrasts it unfavorably. The mathematical methods of asymmetric theory to the deeper and more sophisticated methods that govern quantum field theory.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I found s matrix theory too simple, too lacking in mathematical depth, he said.
STFC-RAL-CR03: If the s matrix theory turned out to explain everything, then I would feel disappointed that the Creator, I'd often all been rather unsophisticated. Well, it's a to tell the Creator how to do it. I' to do his work. But you know there's obviously a interesting mystery behind all that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: yeah. So I think that's
STFC-RAL-CR03: more or less.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And what I wanted to say. Finally, I have a buddy called Raymond Smugg and my wife's family come from Far Rockaway in Queens, and so I finally was there, and he's got a very interesting one.
STFC-RAL-CR03: a little article he wrote a number of books, and so on, one of which is now is silent, and it's got a Davis and a conversation between a more from given and God. It's actually country 150.
STFC-RAL-CR03: So
STFC-RAL-CR03: What conclusions! And takeaways that I that I give you from this?
STFC-RAL-CR03: Well, I would say.
STFC-RAL-CR03: you know, if you're on a side to see you. The words of James Watson, Don't, get yourself. We pushed around, and suddenly you don't want to do
STFC-RAL-CR03: to be serious. I think even more so really, for senior scientists, which all help young colleagues to achieve. Their art World goals.
STFC-RAL-CR03: even when they don't, coincide with their own.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and I allow them to them from their mistakes, not we level them. We can all of us remember that we tend to sort of push it to the back of our mind.
STFC-RAL-CR03: Nobody should be too busy to help someone who's struggling, or
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez agmoni, too Tibet about reputation and damage. You see, in any cases where bad behavior in the institutions is is tolerated, because to to let it be known, because their protection of damage and they're from the young 150
STFC-RAL-CR03: the victims continue to suffer. That's not a good way, in my opinion, I think always in the end truthful out, and it's better to confront the situation.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I used to think, but I don't even know that particle physics is sort of immune from this sort of thing. It's not an island of experts.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and we we really do need to approve ourselves in many examples.
STFC-RAL-CR03: For example, spiteful bosses, bullying young colleagues driving around the field
STFC-RAL-CR03: delicious cavales, not just individuals undermining rival projects. I think that the
STFC-RAL-CR03: i'll see in 2,008. It was pretty much sabotage by individuals. So i'm setting up the name here. and hopefully we can rise out of that, and that's on the way at the moment. there's a very nice heapat meeting from the the new director of that.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and she's talking about changes coming in. They're all going in this in this general direction. I'll show you the first time in it
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez agmoni and i'm. Personally looking forward to the i'll see workshop at slack. This is coming May and but that will allow hybrid participation. It's an exciting opportunity, in my opinion, to achieve a broad perspective on the future, and it's like we have these European studies, one
STFC-RAL-CR03: so mess studies, and so on, and eventually something has to be pulled together, and I think that is a real good opportunity for that to to to happen and get a worldwide consensus in which we don't Just exchange, you know. Go to propaganda, which we've seen so much along in that particular topic. So this is.
STFC-RAL-CR03: and the Mengas side. I think it's the last side of her talk, Fermi. A culture of safety, Psychological and Physical
STFC-RAL-CR03: Institute of Ethical obligation to provide a safe, respectful, inclusive, welcoming, working environment.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And this is about 0 tolerance, the disrespectful disparity and the spiritual behavior, bullying, fluorescent of any kind, any form of unethical behavior. Of course
STFC-RAL-CR03: as well. You must preserve vigorous debates. Send it on ideas you You could have heated debates, and so on, but not, you know and boarding and harassment, so I don't know if it will work it's certainly a a challenge which I mean. She gives the impression that she's very well able to rise to it.
STFC-RAL-CR03: And and of course there'll be, you know, for the system for violations, and and so on, and so forth. And I think that some that's something which is ready to be to be well, and
STFC-RAL-CR03: just Finally, I think
STFC-RAL-CR03: right. So this is
STFC-RAL-CR03: I. Good turn deserves another. This is the this is the figure that I am that I started with. Here's the and here he is just about a year and a half ago.
STFC-RAL-CR03: He! He had a fall, he's a he had a fall, and he broke 2 person right, and he was For months he was assigned to his bed, and they
STFC-RAL-CR03: erez agmoni to then you move out of his bed again, and I was visiting him weekly, and at 1 point he said he was very determined to be very quiet, but very good, and he said, 40 month be able to stop walking again 101,
STFC-RAL-CR03: so I I know authority to detection. But I I went to the carrots. They said, yeah, if you want to have a go, have a go, and so this. These are his first steps, and he was so pleased, I mean, you know. So please get honestly today. But from then on he continued for about another another year and a half, and finally he passed away. This on the sixteenth of December last year, and he was not. By all his carers he was. He never complained
STFC-RAL-CR03: who's considered purchase, and he's still enjoying the good, I mean even with his his medical experts, and so on, we would not immediately accept. So so.
STFC-RAL-CR03: I think that's
STFC-RAL-CR03: Oh, yeah, no, no, this is this new slash. So this I was sent to yesterday. I'm. From
STFC-RAL-CR03: development for with international connections is increasing. Fy 22 which is ending their their financial ends as ours in April and and for the next one. And now I think by agreement, one year agreement to get almost as doubling, which is what they were requesting. So that's that's encouraging.
STFC-RAL-CR03: so that's one piece of the news. Another one is that a constantly 7 of up to was here one from detective. This is just published a book I
STFC-RAL-CR03: for Ioc or Cq, and this is now, i'm taking shape with a study where we have meetings. It improves Lindsey Gray from firmly that we've really put on up to date for her. Based software. Tools suit on from sack
STFC-RAL-CR03: who has followed these finger tips, the physics, and in the backgrounds. And and these time Lorentz, a robotics have been Constantine who are looking at the 65 an hour to see what's pixel design with artists noise? Which which may be the way 101
STFC-RAL-CR03: to a tracker, which is am cool, and it's a very large. It's a 30 bigger pixel system, and doing that air cool. But first site is very difficult, that there's a number of tricks, and that is looking very promising. And so yeah, that only works for linear. So this would be an interesting An interesting contrast. with respect to the circular options for these factories. And of course, in the case of I and C you and beyond so
STFC-RAL-CR03: So for that I just wanted to let you know about that. So thank you for your attention.