Matthew Wing: Okay.
Matthew Wing: yeah so thanks, very much for the invitation, and so I will discuss then some applications of awake accelerator technology.
Matthew Wing: And before doing that, of course, i'll have to discuss in some amount of detail what the awake experiments is, in a nutshell it's using high energy.
Matthew Wing: protons at CERN to drive strong electric fields in a plasma, which can then be used to accelerate electrons up to high energies, we have a shorter distances compared to conventional rf.
Matthew Wing: And accelerators so i'll spend a lot of the time this talk explaining about this what's happened so far, all going to do in the future, and then look at what possible applications that they could be of this technology.
Matthew Wing: Okay, so first thing is to move on to the start with the motivation.
Matthew Wing: So.
Matthew Wing: The motivation comes from looking thinking about the big questions in particle physics, because in the end, what we want to do with this.
Matthew Wing: accelerator technologies apply it to be able to have new particle physics experiments mean Plaza waiting for acceleration has potentially many applications for accelerators, be it in medicine or.
Matthew Wing: Extra fields, but here we really want to focus on the particle physics, so you know the standard model is amazingly amazingly successful whether many things that remain unexplained.
Matthew Wing: Or that we want to understand and here's those listed, some of them and that's The bottom line is is that colliders use of high beams we're keen solving some of these questions so questions of what is dark matter.
Matthew Wing: The difference between matter and anti matter.
Matthew Wing: What is dark energy why the three families discussing detailed detailed understanding the higgs boson on saying the fundamental structure matter is Is there something smaller than the quarks and gluons.
Matthew Wing: And within a within a proton etc, there are many questions that we want to answer and that's why you want to build new experiments investigates.
Matthew Wing: New regimes, for example, at the beginning, I said that we're going to look at some particle physics applications and one of them, for example, is looking for si dot dot dot photons which are candidates and, for that matter.
Matthew Wing: The other motivation comes from, then, if you look at colliders themselves so here is the applaud called the livingston plot, which shows you the central message you have collided versus the year first physics, you can see that it's shown here.
Matthew Wing: By these squares and align for hadron collider and by the circles and align 40 plus minus clusters, which are lower.
Matthew Wing: Many more, and you can see that over this period of time on this on this logarithmic scale central message you've got this kind of like linear increase of the Center of mass energy both the plus or minus and for headphone colliders where we finish up here with tevatron and led to.
Matthew Wing: This was made, of course, before the legacy turned on, so the actual exactly that was at the wrong point here, if you like, it's just a bit later, but you can see that.
Matthew Wing: Where the elysee was comes online and any future equals C minus linear collider the exactly when that will be still not clear, but this suggests than a flattening of this curve we're not going up with this nice continuous increase.
Matthew Wing: So part of the problem is courses of the high energy front here whether it's the elysee or for the SEC or a few T plus minus collider is very expensive, so we asked ourselves can we reduce costs, we can do that through looking at different technologies.
Matthew Wing: We can try to fill up new techniques, and this is then the focus of as a way of acceleration is to develop new technology, in which you can get up to.
Matthew Wing: These higher energies over shorter distances and hence try and reduce costs to accelerators using rf committed cavities are limited, something like 100 megabytes per meter so of course this means that for the high energies, you need these long accelerators.
Matthew Wing: So we consider Plaza Wakefield acceleration as a solution so it's a promising scheme to develop these shorter colliders or, indeed, you can go to higher energy for the same distance.
Matthew Wing: So the accelerate ingredients that have been achieved in the waveform has are very high, but it's been a bit more a bit more detail soon or password consideration is but just to give an overview is that so far.
Matthew Wing: Great accelerating gradients or you know electric fields have been seen which are three orders of magnitude higher than our ethics and operations around 100 megawatts me to limit that we were just talking about.
Matthew Wing: there's been hundred gigabyte per meter accelerated gradient seen in Plaza wait for the acceleration, but of course.
Matthew Wing: it's not just that's not just everything that you need in collider or particle physics accelerator you won't be one beams small energy spray to what's a high repetition rates in Highland park a bunch.
Matthew Wing: signify luminosity you want sufficient to hide a reproducible being production because you want, you know the one term you're the same coming each time.
Matthew Wing: And you'll probably want a small team sizes turns you down to the anatomy to scale again depending exactly on pending detail exactly on the slide you're looking at.
Matthew Wing: So what's happened before, was the use of lasers or electron bunches to drive wakefield's in plasma and so, then the question is, what about using proton bunches as the driver.
Matthew Wing: So advantage of those is that if we think about lasers or electron bunches they typically.
Matthew Wing: Have energies that are laser high power lasers, to create the energy of maybe a jewel maybe tendrils proton bunches certainly those are the SPS or Lacey have more like.
Matthew Wing: 10 kilowatts or 100 kilojoules so we have a much higher stored energy i'll come back to this queen term soon, because that's very important.
Matthew Wing: So that means that potentially we can then drive these way through, so the longer lengths, and since then well suited to get the high energy physics applications.
Matthew Wing: Because the ultimate goal is, can we have TV beams produced books that are a to structure the more likely say, up to a few comments and length rather to 10 kilometers and links.
Matthew Wing: So maybe just to briefly go through present a proper way to acceleration is a phenomenon with a cartoon so all you have is a neutral plasma.
Matthew Wing: And you have a short person being it could be a an electron beam or a laser pulse, as well as similar thing will happen.
Matthew Wing: It might be slight differences depending on the charge, but if we say that you've got a proton beam coming in.
Matthew Wing: Then you'll have the electrons within the plasma are attracted to, of course, the high positive charge for proton bunch if it were an electron bunch they would be repelled and.
Matthew Wing: Still, the same thing would be setup but the initial conditioning slightly different so the electrons could get attracted accelerate towards the postman bunch of excel reached a peak peak.
Matthew Wing: Acceleration velocity around the V Max this go out to get in and then leave behind and have like the items within the plasma and then get accelerated again.
Matthew Wing: i'll get the tracks, the items have been left behind and accelerate and again, so you have this kind of like this movement of electrons which can attract, as Mr by the proton bunch and then by the ions.
Matthew Wing: And you have these regions of high positive charge where you have the relatively stable stable as in terms of they don't move very much ions and the electrons which are moving, then you have high high.
Matthew Wing: electron density here, so what you can then do is you've got this kind of like bubble like structure.
Matthew Wing: And if you put electrons in the right fees for them around here they're going to be.
Matthew Wing: A witness bunch of electrons big salary, so they will be repelled by the plasma electrons and attracted by plasma times will be accelerated up to high end use and you get these longer cheadle fields that can accelerate.
Matthew Wing: particles in the direction of the proton bunch they have trials first electric fields can focus the particles as well, so let's say a witness bunch of sale electrons place appropriate links be accelerated by these scroll fields.
Matthew Wing: So just a few considerations, this is just a few.
Matthew Wing: A few quantities are important, so these this bubble like structure that you saw that represent is given by the plasma.
Matthew Wing: itself, which has been a certain wavelength, of the bottle like structures which is given by the plasma wavelengths but actually of most importance or in this.
Matthew Wing: Page here is the electric field, so this in terms of giggles meeting hi how high you can go, so what this tells you is that Dr bunch so should have.
Matthew Wing: As many particles within it as possible, so this is N, the number is a proton bulge divided by 10 for 10 so you want as highly charged as possible within a given bunch of protons.
Matthew Wing: Also, then what you see is that is inversely proportional to the proton bunch of the driving bunch length squared, and this is in terms of say 100 microns kind of order to we'd like them to beat so the smaller, this is.
Matthew Wing: The largest electric fields, so we want really short proton pulses with lots of charging them.
Matthew Wing: Okay, so maybe, just a quick overview of some featherweight experiments happened before there was, as I say, pioneering work using a laser to induce wakefield's of 100.
Matthew Wing: meter and recently at the Bella last year or two, but then the better facility in Berkeley California, they accelerated electrons up to hgtv so that's already for them quite a quite a big success and would be say, if you like, on stage of the accelerator.
Matthew Wing: And their initial experiments at slack some you know well over a decade ago and which they use the high energy 40 gv electron beam to induce wakefield's.
Matthew Wing: We have gradients also very, very high 50 giggles meter and they doubled the energy of this 42 TV over a meter.
Matthew Wing: However, there is a slight caveat massive decision on the right, but actually what was happening was you have you have a bunch which the head of the head of the bunch is driving these Wakefield and the rear of the bunch is seeing them being accelerated up to high energies, so this.
Matthew Wing: This isn't really an effective kind of like accelerators only done some fraction the end of the bunch of things that are used let's.
Matthew Wing: You can see here there's just some some fraction of point one 1.01% of the bunch is actually being separated up to this at gv to the energy doubled.
Matthew Wing: And it's still all part of the same lunch, so the other ongoing electron driven projects going on at some swag facet motor days and dashboard and here, looking at where you have an electron.
Matthew Wing: As the drive bunch of the separate electron bunch being the witness quantic as accelerated are too high and just and that's the more kind of appropriate for what you'd like it to a particle accelerator.
Matthew Wing: Okay, so proposed Honduran expression already hinted at this.
Matthew Wing: Already, but maybe just to make fear of particular through his picture.
Matthew Wing: Is that, essentially, then the lasers, or the electrons to not have enough energy, so they can't procreate long distances and plasma instead of clinics that are eight electrons are high energy.
Matthew Wing: In one stage, and so what you need is, if you have the legs or laser electron driver is figure at the bottom, you need, then, a plasma.
Matthew Wing: plasma accelerating structure plasma cell, which may be some you know some number of meters long.
Matthew Wing: And you may get up to the say this hgtv acceleration has been observed, better, but then, if you want to get too high, and you should have to have another.
Matthew Wing: You have to have another stage and then another stage, etc, certain number of stages to get you up to the know the 10s of GB hundred GB or TV skills that you might be looking at.
Matthew Wing: So this is quite complex system, because you have to have things coming in and out of the accelerating structure, you have to have.
Matthew Wing: The drive beam of electrons or laser coming in here and then coming in the second stage, and the first page, etc.
Matthew Wing: So this whole concept of staging and getting up to high energies through this mechanism, something that's being pursued by the laser the electronic drum groups but it's certainly a big challenge.
Matthew Wing: So proton beams at the TV scale with high school energy around today, and so in this case, what you can have is, you can have this plasma sellers, you know effects of accelerators page being.
Matthew Wing: 10s hundreds of meters even kilometers long one stage and not have to worry about getting beamed in and out of plasma and controlling the Max, and so this would be then just a single stage operation so that's the that's the attraction of them using the CERN proton beams to drive wakefield's.
Matthew Wing: The concept first came about actually in 2009 from Caldwell and others which is some simulations and here again, this is kind of this.
Matthew Wing: A simulation of the cartoon are showing before which the red here is the shore proton bunch it creates these regions of high negative and positive charge and then you put the electrons and the right fees and they get accelerated up.
Matthew Wing: The kind of fields that are being looked at were two three gigabytes per meter This meant that you could accelerate electrons up to half a TV and about 300 meters, so this would be obviously excellent system to then use to get up to the TV scale.
Matthew Wing: However, we should know that the bunch links that you remember that formula or a shade we're looking at having bunch of things in order of 100 microns.
Matthew Wing: So that's what was using the simulations and to demonstrate that this person's can be used as.
Matthew Wing: Effective way from drivers, however, those of you who know the llc or the certain prototypes and rates by will know that the bunch of things.
Matthew Wing: Typically, have the order of 10 centimeters slightly different but it's certainly not on your life might be maybe it might be low that we have the order of six sentence or five centimeters typically really intense and many orders of magnitude different to the hundred microns.
Matthew Wing: So what we have to rely on is an effect, which is actually in the plasma itself and use something called self modulation, so now this cartoon.
Matthew Wing: which I showed you before we have the short protein lunch now actually we have this long original lunch what happens is that these in the plasma then feel this self modulation.
Matthew Wing: effects in which then parts of it are transverse expelled and then other bits of it's.
Matthew Wing: kind of like congregate into more highly dense regions, and so what you get to this micro bunching effects, so you get.
Matthew Wing: Here you can see, you have a very short bunch which actually has a higher bunch tends to the original one within this bits of course it's repels or transparency check it because it's repelled by the the items within this kind of bubble and gets attracted again at the next bit.
Matthew Wing: Where there's a high electron density, so what you have is you have micro punches which is space that's a value of the Platform wavelength, the parts.
Matthew Wing: They have, as I said, increase charged density and so actually what they do is this this small bunch here, creates a Wakefield, then the next one.
Matthew Wing: priests could have like constructively interferes with increase creates a slightly strong awake and in the end, you have maybe 100 micro bunches all of them, which then construct will be reinforced, to give them wakefield's of the order of vegetables per meter.
Matthew Wing: And so, this then it's like this whole effect of this module is self modulation as micro punching allows us to use current beans, because otherwise we would need 100 micron proton bunch which we don't have available.
Matthew Wing: So that allows them to you do the experiment so So this is the certain accelerator complex and here what we use for the protons from the SPS.
Matthew Wing: So you can see that this is the line with us here TT 40 from the SPS which goes down to the old cgs target area so it's now the weak area here.
Matthew Wing: it's showing also underground here that we have a transfer of the protons to the awake experiments, which is just in front of the target Chamber so us 400 gv protons from the SPS.
Matthew Wing: And yeah i'll describe a little bit more about the proton beam itself as we go through as well.
Matthew Wing: So the awake program had was approved as a project in 2013 and then we went through a phase of developing building it and then a phase of two years of data, taking from the end of 2016 the end of 2018.
Matthew Wing: called run one.
Matthew Wing: Then we've gone through a long shot down period, of course, because it's linked up to the programs that are excellent service, so if they're so excited to close and.
Matthew Wing: Wake is we just we started taking data again this year, because for our own to because we use the SPS, even if the lsc isn't working, we can still.
Matthew Wing: run away if the SPS is switched on, so now started a week or two, so the first.
Matthew Wing: Phase essentially was to demonstrate and understands this self modulation approach and wants to see if I really occurs.
Matthew Wing: And then to solve all the high grain wheat fields with a with a winner selection bunch and accelerate them to order gv and i'll show you these two major milestones were met, and then i'll describe also the.
Matthew Wing: Wrong too, so this is then a schematic of the awake experiments, so I guess the Center piece of it is this 10 meter long.
Matthew Wing: plasma cells 10 weeks and links essentially rubidium vapor are common to us in a bit more detail soon so before that we have the proton these red light here the proton.
Matthew Wing: proton punches from the SPS come in there merged with laser beam here, because the laser beam then in juices, the plasma within the rubidium paper, it also sees this modulation, so the modulation happens in a.
Matthew Wing: Regulated way, and you can see that, here in this schematic where you have the ionizing laser pulse here.
Matthew Wing: Which is then halfway along the protocol bunch then creates these micro punches here, and then we have the electron bunch which is just a 20 MTV electron bunch, which is also has to be injected into the front plasma thing its accelerated up to the gv.
Matthew Wing: We have various.
Matthew Wing: Various.
Matthew Wing: diagnostics afterwards to.
Matthew Wing: Sorry.
Matthew Wing: Various diagnostics afterwards to measure the effects we looking for the proton bunch changing into micro bunches the electrons being accelerated so we look at electrons in a spectrometer etc describes in a bit more detail.
Matthew Wing: see approved the proton beam if I said, the most important aspect is this high energy because, of course, then it can go through the plasma over long distances.
Matthew Wing: it's got a high number of partners a bunch of the standard nfc running is to have 1.15 times 10 to the 11 protocols a bunch we have a special running for a week we we require.
Matthew Wing: we'd like to be as high as possible to grow stronger wakefield's and so there's especially extraction for a week or three times 10 to the 11.
Matthew Wing: As you see, the punch length or the 10 centimeters between six and 12.
Matthew Wing: And, otherwise we also have a repetition rates we actually get an above truly SPS once every 30 seconds or so of course if you're used to a particle physics experiments when she gets.
Matthew Wing: Events coming every 25 seconds coming in every once every 30 seconds will be quite quite trying to just waiting for the next event it's difficult to then see trends for this part of the challenge of experiments is this low repetition right.
Matthew Wing: OK, so the plasma cell was shown.
Matthew Wing: Some schematics of it and how it develops shown here, but if you look at the bottom rights and choose the file plasma source installed in the experiments it's a 10 meter little sell it has rubidium faith in it they're held in reservoirs at the end of the.
Matthew Wing: The end the ends of the plasma cell is filled with a constant constant density because it's held at constant temperature by essentially a heat other around around the plasma.
Matthew Wing: plasma cell.
Matthew Wing: service requirements and what was needed was that it needs to be we wanted to be ordered 10 meters, we wanted to have.
Matthew Wing: A radius which was compatible then with the radius of the proton bumps that all bunched up within a certain density range of 10 to 1410 to 15.
Matthew Wing: electrons per centimeter cube We wanted a very uniform uniform density, so the order point 2% or better and reproducible as well, and this we did, as I said, with this by controlling the temperature to within this point 2% by having it in the oven.
Matthew Wing: We wanted a gas or vapor was easy to itemize and also allow for seeding of oxidation we also want a higher said elements, so I mentioned that the items within the plasma state still that of course that depends on them also.
Matthew Wing: How how heavy the plays that element is less susceptible tie in motion so that's what we chose as a revision video source which has helped about 200 degrees centigrade.
Matthew Wing: With a certain density of seven times 714 centimeter cube which actually then chorus on classical evening of 1.2 millimeters, which means that these micro bunches in this bubble like structure that shows the cartoon with the beginning, will have a separation of about a millimeter.
Matthew Wing: laser nothing too special about this, the say.
Matthew Wing: Some reason you say industry standard ty sapphire laser which is used to idolize the plasma part of it is also taken off to to hit the photo CAFE he produced the witness electrons as well.
Matthew Wing: So the witness electrons on a show an electron source quite a lot of this we got from click because it was available for use and was meant we could get in witness electrical source quickly.
Matthew Wing: Some of it was built in the UK, this booster structure, about a meat lover booster to take it from five me these 20 and even to then within the energy that is injected into the plasma to be accelerated.
Matthew Wing: The bunches have quite a high charge that they're also quite long so they actually have their order of millimeter or two, so we actually stretch over a whole of these public structures and ideally we'd want shorter and to be able to inject it more closely into the wakeful structure.
Matthew Wing: Okay, so our results.
Matthew Wing: So this shows them the discusses the proton micro punching and the fact that.
Matthew Wing: We we see it splits up into these many lunches so we have some different beam diagnostics so.
Matthew Wing: What we do is we do in an indirect measurement using some screens, we have a screen placed here to measure the transverse extent of the proton lunch, and we have a screen further on measure to gain.
Matthew Wing: So if you have no plasma you just see the proton bunch as we expected, whereas if you do have plasma and itself modulation person expected to be expanded, because it's transfers expulsion of the protons.
Matthew Wing: Then there's a direct measurement of the modulation say looking at transition radiation and then looking at really the logical structure of the bunches so they're showing their showing here on the slides the top right actually show you sing the.
Matthew Wing: song like profile of them what you see on the screens where you have the plasma often you see at the proton bunch approach is measured on the screen and it has a certain.
Matthew Wing: Certain form with this kind of girl scouts in like shape very highly peaks and.
Matthew Wing: relatively low tails when we have the plasma on.
Matthew Wing: You can see that the peak is reduced out and it's broadened significantly, and this is then consistent with their beings with transverse.
Matthew Wing: Expulsion so some clarity, focusing on proton bunch on its own that's not necessarily a.
Matthew Wing: Proof that you've seen the modulation, but then, if we look at the actual longer cheadle structures are looking at this transition radiation, we see that here.
Matthew Wing: we've got the main proton bunch and then we start to look back behind with like the central Napoleon bunch we start to see how the proton bunches our approach and bunches breaking up into smaller micro bunches and they regularly space.
Matthew Wing: Okay, so actually i'll show you even clearer picture of this in the Minutes and you'll see really how we have these clear this thing Michael launches.
Matthew Wing: But we also measures along with this, this part here is to measure the frequency so essentially the spacing of the of the micro punches.
Matthew Wing: Compared with the different tenses who could vary the density in this range of around one to 1010 to 14 between 114 one times 10 to 15 centimeter cube and they should have expected.
Matthew Wing: scaling which is given by given by this here, where is the square root of the of the density.
Matthew Wing: We met through the measurement We saw this was the case, and so essentially all that means is that when you change the density you get a different light structurally the plasma wavelength changes and we saw that that's when occurs, so this scales we expected square root, for instance.
Matthew Wing: So this again just put evidence that we're looking at something that Michael bunch of them that we can understand how its produced so here's maybe a pictures even clearer, looking at the.
Matthew Wing: The transition radiation so on the top here you've got approach on bunch which is just.
Matthew Wing: you've looked looked at the.
Matthew Wing: launch your profile so there's no plasma was little it was a laser expected bedminster so protein bunch which is slightly more dense in the middle and then tails off customer galson shape.
Matthew Wing: Or we then did is we did it with plasma and actually we took many events and added them together, so this is just.
Matthew Wing: This is good because it just makes it clear, you get better statistics, it also actually shows, of course, that.
Matthew Wing: Adding them together you actually see the structures, as well as being clearly shows that the structures really are there because it's not there, then moving about or.
Matthew Wing: you're not smearing out these nice clear microban structures, you can see that this is definitely clear microphone structure behind.
Matthew Wing: Then the Center of the protein pumps you've got here distinct micro bunches separated by a constant phase.
Matthew Wing: So this shows that it was reproducible and it shows that we understand this software Jason This is crucial for injection electrons because of course we wanted to be.
Matthew Wing: to occur, the same time, each time because we want to inject electrons into the correct phase to be accelerated OPS if of course.
Matthew Wing: If this bubble is moving around, then you can inject electrons in this in a certain place then sometimes acceleration curve and sometimes it works, so this was a crucial demonstration of the reproducibility of this effect.
Matthew Wing: So getting on to the electrical acceleration, we have a spectrometer system, so this, if you look at the top right consists of the dipole.
Matthew Wing: in which the electrons are bent away from the protons which carries straight on also depending on the energy you induce them a spread in the electron lunch.
Matthew Wing: And this is then measured on a scintillating screen, this is shown here get stuck on the end of the spectrum chima, this is just a test preparation lab.
Matthew Wing: which looks nice but isn't actually it's used for calibration pumps isn't isn't pasta relevant for emotions i'm going to show, but this is an essential eating screen, which is actually imaged using CCD cameras.
Matthew Wing: We have the slight tricky bits that this is the so the awake experiments just close to the left here is where this policy and just hopped in just targeted is.
Matthew Wing: But also, there is quite a lot of radiation that because you know with the modulation of this proton bunch hitting various interfaces and caused quite a lot of radiation in the.
Matthew Wing: Wake experiment area for this means is this, we have quite an expensive CCTV camera we needed to put it in the neighboring tunnels that's what shown in this top right actually.
Matthew Wing: This is the scintillating screen here what we're looking at, but our camera is over here, so you need a system of mirrors to guide the light to the camera.
Matthew Wing: So when we've done that this is a picture of them from our.
Matthew Wing: Paper we published the first measure that we see here, this is the scintillating screen, you can see that it's about a meter and links and about six centimeters higher and then we have this Nice.
Matthew Wing: spot on it, indicating that we've seen electrons which had been accelerated up to in this case about 800 and even.
Matthew Wing: We have to subtract backgrounds backgrounds coming from, as I say this about their radiation from the protons and hitting various interfaces that gets subtracted visit some something we can measure from the team itself.
Matthew Wing: In terms of reproducibility for this particular on the here, you can see that actually we're looking.
Matthew Wing: It depends on exactly the settings in the experiment, we have something like 600 me the electrons you can see that this is a series about 200 events and it's pretty much always.
Matthew Wing: A high number of electrons and it's roughly in the same position shows really good reproducibility and something like about.
Matthew Wing: 95% of events we actually had a good, clear signals the type that's a shame on this year and that's.
Matthew Wing: I think the pathway clinics and aeration there's also a really big success the reproducibility and the fact that it works every single time, I think, is a key key part we also looked at the energy the dependence on the energy with the.
Matthew Wing: plasma density and the higher density leads to.
Matthew Wing: Stronger wakefield's and higher acceleration and so we actually have a highest.
Matthew Wing: Distribution here, where we have electrons accelerated up to teach to gv.
Matthew Wing: Similar to ration theory predicted similar energy gains should say that the experiment isn't completely optimized for actual check show, I said that the electron bunch itself is quite long so not all of these captures.
Matthew Wing: nicely in the paper that we published in nature, a couple of years ago accelerated charges and the order PQ lungs is quite low we have since achieved something up to about 100 people on which is maybe about.
Matthew Wing: 20 to 30% of the original electron bunch.
Matthew Wing: So that's made the main results from run ones various other things we've published about 10 papers on the data analysis they're looking at more details of the acceleration and the modulation, at least those are the main headline results.
Matthew Wing: That I showed so now, for we run to so what we're doing here is, we want to demonstrate that this can be used them for faith is applications in the mid some future.
Matthew Wing: So we want to accelerate punches up to higher energy up to using gradient of the order of two gigawatts meats, and have concentrating so that we can accelerate.
Matthew Wing: over long distances, we want to preserve also the electron bunch quality so to preserve the mittens if we sort of inject something punch electrons in that.
Matthew Wing: have an admittance a 10 by chrome through your mouth was limited to 10 microns and then demonstrate demonstrate the scalability of the plasma source technology so.
Matthew Wing: If we can do even generate them accelerate electrons to five TV in 10 meters and we can do it to 10 GB and 20 meters, etc, and that is scalable technology.
Matthew Wing: So we thought it splits up into various runs to do that, so the actual experiment then becomes slightly more complicated from slightly bigger and actually we spit up, then the.
Matthew Wing: plasma in section into two parts, the initial section here of.
Matthew Wing: Of the plasma is just to modulate the proton on when it gets modulated it then it gets taken out the injected into an accelerator plasma stage within could be 1020 1500 meters long.
Matthew Wing: If aren't you doing this, is that we can then inject the electrons witness electrons right into high accelerating.
Matthew Wing: region, rather than also disturbing disturb was the way through to building up.
Matthew Wing: So yeah the various.
Matthew Wing: Aspects of looking at well, the first thing which are actually doing right now is to look at the electrical seeding the south modulation, rather than lasers will have electrons.
Matthew Wing: That see this modulation and setup then we want to look at something I haven't really mentioned but we wanted to.
Matthew Wing: Look at stabilizing the micro Punch and the acceleration grade or using a dense so I said that the density allows high density will allow higher acceleration it's also that we can.
Matthew Wing: do some do some small change or small change in the dentist to fix, then the.
Matthew Wing: Acceleration gradient which otherwise with decay would keep keep that some constant value say a gigabyte meeting space vehicle or producer.
Matthew Wing: For the full length of the plasma stuff so then we want to look at the electronics variation in the missions preservation and the schedule class resources.
Matthew Wing: Plus we're sources we're looking at.
Matthew Wing: You can see that one we've been considering already is rebidding vapor which Elisa is it clearly that's not something that's scalable because.
Matthew Wing: I said that you know you can't have 100 meter length plus Mona Lisa going through, because it will start to diffuse and become an effective and it wouldn't be able to.
Matthew Wing: finalize the least we need to put different technology that don't rely on the visa I know ization so, for example, i'm.
Matthew Wing: Looking at using helikon cells are you have cast which have magnetic coils around and create a plasma or using a discharge cream plasma.
Matthew Wing: And then the question is other experiments to towards the end of the decade that can be done, which.
Matthew Wing: which they require say electron beam 40 to 50 gv if we use the legacy beam as a driver, maybe we can't do that musically but perhaps in the future and being able to use a TV beams from the elysee within an hour to get electron beans, also at the TV scale.
Matthew Wing: So if you want to apply the way technology, I think that's.
Matthew Wing: So we're focused on particle physics producing accelerators I think compared to our accelerators I think pure energy game it's possible, for example, at the moment, we think that we can actually.
Matthew Wing: From an SPS program Dr have electrons of 200 TV bunch charge having high bunch charged looks looks okay looks looks possible it's not been definitively demonstrated that we get really high punch charged consistently, but I think.
Matthew Wing: I should be doable remittance and the beam size remittance again, I think you mentioned preservation looks promising.
Matthew Wing: I think a big key issue is the repetitions frequency it's the same for all types of other ways acceleration whether it's.
Matthew Wing: approaching driven exploration repetition frequency also the lasers and which lasers hyper lasers at the most limited to the order of one to 10 hertz.
Matthew Wing: And reproducibility is definitely key I think we made some big advances, but we clearly need to work on that, so I think the idea to build a high energy highly when you personalize clients, the first application is very ambitious is often done by American groups.
Matthew Wing: With their links to do, and I think you know okay it's maybe a good thing to work as an ultimate goal and also consider applications.
Matthew Wing: which may be require high energy lower lumosity as well as doing r&d the ultimate machine it's also instance know that there are many high energy electron beams out there, so if you have.
Matthew Wing: Raw the secondary SPS electrons have about 100 gv but low intensity and there are high intensity beans, but something about 20 TV, so you for the European accent do.
Matthew Wing: So if you started to think about hygiene physics applications, then for.
Matthew Wing: For a week, so we consider the energy of around 50 gv so wakefield's produce wakefulness driven by the SPS protons although actually higher energy now it's possible.
Matthew Wing: And then the order TV, where we have weaknesses revitalized see protons to possible ideas are maybe have some accelerator detective test facility.
Matthew Wing: We also looked at and injects of the electron, why is that because the protons at rick also have properties which approach and bugs the records of properties that will try straw wakefield's essentially you could do the weight Program.
Matthew Wing: At brookhaven you could also then use these protons to Dr Wakefield and have electrons accelerated up to.
Matthew Wing: The injection of energy for the icd 1020 gv to do it, and maybe 10 meters for much longer rings being considered and then there's the.
Matthew Wing: Fixed targets will be interesting experiments for the last six or seven searches shall discuss because I think you're doing nonlinear qed experiments in electron laser collisions and then also the TV scale electron proton colliders with different different energies of electrons.
Matthew Wing: can also think of a booster in conjunction with a convention accelerates, maybe you know people thinking of some the future upgrades it's a linear collider by having.
Matthew Wing: Some booster section born out of plasma Lakes Region.
Matthew Wing: Other possible ideas accelerating yawns rather electrons to hygiene that's an idea in the sense that you write down the sentence of anything has been any work on it, but it'd be interesting to consider.
Matthew Wing: Then heavy ions as a driver so, then you could have an electric violin violin also very high and it is OK so maybe i'll just quickly then discuss a couple of applications, so one of them being the dark sector, so we know that.
Matthew Wing: The math the only consistent 5% of the momentum So what about dark matter, so the elysee is looking for it at high energies in search for indirect detection experiments, but of course the dod sector and little threads that blue sub gv level is also become very.
Matthew Wing: Very important and as many searches are going on in this area so looking for, say, the Doc photo which couples to.
Matthew Wing: couples to the photon and opens up this whole puzzle range of the hidden sector.
Matthew Wing: So what we want to look at is to see if we can see as a function of the coupling exile on the master this purported dog futon look see if we can see that many experiments going on various.
Matthew Wing: Various places around the world, so what could we do differently is then the question, so I think that we would look for it in an electron say colliding with a fixed targets and colliding and have been done experiments and producing an e plus C minus.
Matthew Wing: Final state, so you can do it in different ways by looking for, as shown here.
Matthew Wing: bump on things you can affect the plus and minus collisions you can look to them, and these kind of fixed talks are being done experiments which then covered by these other these other range here, but there is this kind of gap it's called months CAP.
Matthew Wing: off to you, he won't go Marie, I guess, and you can see that there is this range of to like medium copying strengths and up towards higher masses, which is not covered by experiments and various experiments and trying to look for.
Matthew Wing: photos and that region.
Matthew Wing: So what we did was we considered the any fit 64 experiment at CERN which is using 100 gv electrons from the SPS secondary being and that's looking.
Matthew Wing: In this kind of read through exactly this kind of process with the kind of high energy electrons we were thinking of doing so, we propose to use electronic dictionary by awake the 50 gv plus.
Matthew Wing: We will provide bunches so you would have to be a beam experiment for all single electrons as you get from the SPS secondaries.
Matthew Wing: Unless you've used comparable numbers there any 64 if you assume that you know what they.
Matthew Wing: get from the SPS they will actually have something like 10 to 12 electrons for three months of running.
Matthew Wing: For a week like punch structure the seemingly in our r&d for onto successful would have something like 10 to 15 levels of effective, this will provide effective upgrade annex and a 64 experiment, by increasing the intensity by a factor of about the sales.
Matthew Wing: So in this case it's almost like plus wait for acceleration has higher velocity but it's because you know we're looking at in comparison to the secondary SP SP which is really the only high energy, you know 1500 TV been helper.
Matthew Wing: So what this would mean, this is a plot here, showing this coupling versus dark photon strength.
Matthew Wing: The shows, and these Gray areas regions that have been ruled out by various experiments, so far, this is this gap, I mentioned before this white.
Matthew Wing: kind of gaffes looks like middling valleys website and going up to higher dimensions, so this is the 64 expects to sensitivity for tend to tend, and you know OPS tends to 13 electrons.
Matthew Wing: And then we looked at it by looking at the awake scenario, and you can see that you extend beyond in a 64 pushing pushing further up to higher masters in this region of the month gap.
Matthew Wing: or other experiments and we'll see how they do, whether they also come online with a as effective as, as they say, but certainly at the moment that you can see that at 50 gv the week.
Matthew Wing: The week facility could provide electrons then which could search about photon the new region if we actually went up to one TV that's actually shown by this blue line here we go way up beyond what anything.
Matthew Wing: beyond what any other experiment can do because we've got these very high.
Matthew Wing: Very high energy electrons so it looks like that's you know if you have 52 punch punch electrons and 50 gv, then you can do something interesting and look for dark photons in a region which is not covered by other experiments, so I think that's a first an interesting good application.
Matthew Wing: Of of the way to experiment.
Matthew Wing: Okay, the final one, I want to consider is looking at EP collisions here is a schematically shown electron electron protocol collisions.
Matthew Wing: More we want to look at is no the internal structure of the proton and sank you see better is there some complex structure in here that.
Matthew Wing: There is some saturation does the number of solutions against produce whitelists bottom right hand figure shows it just carry on, or does it stop at some point is the further atomic structure.
Matthew Wing: For the bottling substructure etc, so I told you that's actually simulations have shown that, with the llc protons you can get accelerate.
Matthew Wing: accelerate electrons doctor ordered ordered the TV even up to 60 the scale, so we chose a value of three TV.
Matthew Wing: As a nice optimal value and published a paper here, myself and Alan quarter.
Matthew Wing: Looking at what you could do with a EP collider which you've got electrons are three TV programs of 17 so essentially mass and energy 90 beauty as well beyond of course here by factor 30 and also the La gc proposal is also beyond that, by a factor of.
Matthew Wing: guess about a factor of six and so.
Matthew Wing: So this gives us a big big extension in the Q Q squared know the resolving power and the portal mental fraction bilking next compared to here.
Matthew Wing: So this is what it looks like on a very simple PowerPoint sketch, and when should have a proton you have to take the protons out of the galaxy have.
Matthew Wing: put them into some electron accelerator sorry some pleasure accelerator accelerator electrons up to three TV in four kilometers and then have electrons protons position here, where the other protons come around or extract as well.
Matthew Wing: We didn't estimate of the luminosity.
Matthew Wing: And it's quite a lowly we lost about 10 to 14 cents or 28% MC squared per second, which means that something like an inverse pick up on a year, so this comes on the various assumptions, but essentially it's been looking at.
Matthew Wing: physics case for something like 10 in this week, once a year, although of course will ask a question whether we could increase that value in the future, of course, the problem comes that you use the elysee protons in the plasma exhale once and then you have to determine.
Matthew Wing: Okay, but there are many things you can do at this this collide, even those of luminosity when we're starting to look at very low.
Matthew Wing: Bottom X values, then we're looking at a cross sections increasing drastically, so you can.
Matthew Wing: You won't have statistical limitations, you can measure total cross sections committed cross sections and low yoking X, you can also measure cross sections that hike you squared no such things as lead to coax all the.
Matthew Wing: All the substructure of politicians.
Matthew Wing: Famous i'm just going over quickly line for the time, so this is just an example of the total cross section, which will then be.
Matthew Wing: Statistically limited, we will be able to measure it here over this wide range in the photo creighton central mass energy and you can see what our knowledge is of.
Matthew Wing: Of this region given by just slightly other solid models, done a few lines off etc and it's equivalent to a 20 P, the photon on a fixed time, so this is a really great example where you get.
Matthew Wing: Again with energy and also this is kind of this is a region also has a big overlapping relational cosmic Ray physics.
Matthew Wing: Another thing you can do is look at the vector means on cross section we here, we did some simulated points as to what you'd get for this very high energy electron proton collider.
Matthew Wing: You can see at some point you start to have things which so makes sense, like the Cross section for jake side production becomes higher than the five function so clearly you're going to.
Matthew Wing: expect to see some sort of onset of saturation or changing on the cross section, and we would like to mention that that's.
Matthew Wing: At this very high energy people either just as another example, this is then the total virtual photo and proton cross section where you've got all the.
Matthew Wing: hero data you've got this reach of this new collider where, again, these are the red and the blue have to currently.
Matthew Wing: kind of like two bottles that current data they're very different they're very high energies and also again you start out the situation where the Cross sectional hiking squared.
Matthew Wing: is higher than the Cross functional squared it doesn't make sense of this collider would explore region can you see the weather's we have pretty much no idea and really what's going on.
Matthew Wing: One final thing on it is to say that you could also look at lab to coax we did a quick.
Matthew Wing: study and you can actually then.
Matthew Wing: How sensitivity opt effectively up to the Cinematic limit, I think the opposite in the Center of mass energy around line TV.
Matthew Wing: Okay, so i'll finish next I think a lot of time, so to say that has wavelengths integration could be a technology for future report future particle.
Matthew Wing: physics experiments, so I think the weight collaboration as a extension program of r&d to develop the useful excited thing and you're also thinking of experiments where it could be applied.
Matthew Wing: In the short term and then maybe the extended to more advanced classes as well down the line and it's really geared towards high energy physics as well run, maybe the other applications that other.
Matthew Wing: Other class, we will skins look at so realistic applications thoughts consider have been experiments.
Matthew Wing: which are sensitive to doctrine production electrons protons lighters up to very high energies.
Matthew Wing: And then work continues on this, based on the one slide demonstrating the accelerates technology and also thinking of how the future accelerated design would look like and with that i'll finish okay.
Hristova, Ivana (STFC,RAL,PPD): Thank you very much module for this very clear and very interesting overview of the this new acceleration technology.
Hristova, Ivana (STFC,RAL,PPD): I stop the recording.