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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Okay, I believe we will start now. Thank you very much for coming. Let me introduce our speaker today, Christoph Engel.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So he studied physics at the University of Karlsruhe and at ETH Sturich.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then obtained his PhD from Carthru in 2010, working at the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Then, held post-doctoral physicians at Institute of Theoretical Physics at University of Heidelberg.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: and at the Institute of Particle Physics Phenomenology at Durham University.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In July 2013, he joined the theoretical particle physics group at the University of Glasgow, where he has been a professor

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: theoretical physics, and later theoretical theory group. In October 2025, he joined the high-energy Physics Group at University of Manchester, and he has also worked with people

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: from Wide Eyed Edition on a children's book that was, on destination space, which was published in September.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: 2016. Wow, he's got all the information there. Yes, and today he will present his view on what lies ahead beyond the standard model.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That sets me up for daily things. No, it's great to be back here. I think when I look through my CV, as you have to do when you apply somewhere else.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: as I did from last year in Manchester, I saw that, actually, one of the first seminars I gave in the UK after running in 2011,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: was really at RAL, sort of the heydays of these discovery, and as you can see on the one-trick phone, I still… we've got pretty much the same stuff.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So I want to talk about, beyond the standard model of physics, and specifically how that would link to the weak-scale and weak-scale observations.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And, why is that? Because…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I think it's fair to say that, at least numerically speaking, we have no idea why the TEV scale shows up in nature exactly the way it does.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: What we now understand, post-2012 experiment discovery is that there's Qualitatively, little other choice.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: For that to happen in exactly the way it does, whereas the mask parameters and stuff, that's… that's important.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Full discussion.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: further investigation. But this is my kind of desperate attempt to condense all of our contemporary understanding of particle physics into one simple diagram.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Kind of links all these different concepts that we learn about maybe as undergrad students, but they really feed into each other and determine the physics that we see at very, very high energy.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And that's not specific to the TD scale, so if you like the work being done in neutrino physics, you're very much hitting these constants as well. So on the one-hand side, we deploy this methodology of quantum field theory. It's a very old kind of

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: unfolding.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In the physics understanding.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It isn't much, so it was developed in the 50s by… Is Doug and others, Jordan.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But through the years, we understood that there are certain things that we can't make, so we have to distinguish internal symmetries from external symmetries, and symmetries really are the name of the game here. So external symmetries really means that we can label particles with that same.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And internal symmetries, flavor symmetries that we can link Oops.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: found some strangers in the early days of, pre-QCD.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But also gauge symmetries like electrodynamics.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And, so, on the one-hand side, we have, then, massless vectors, so you can introduce vector particles as we do. Maximus equations then do that. But to keep the massless, in a theoretically controlled way, we have to avoid these cases in the reason that's really no other way of things.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: At the same time, For fermions, whether they're mass or low.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We can map these hierarchies onto an approximate symmetries as we observe them, so if permanents are light, there's some high scale.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: they will remain, like, all the way to the OCRs, and this is one of the reasons why flavor model building, especially in the lepton sector, is very, very tricky once you want to make concrete GV scale predictions that are within reach of the experimental observations that,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Why?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And last but not least, so this was really the status until 2012, or maybe the 60s. He believed in the theoretical literature.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Apputex, Francois, Lein proud.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And others, I should say. But really, the way of introducing massive vector Bonsai UA1 and UA2. The only way to do this consistently in a quantum field theory picture is by means of this infamous Higgs mechanism.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Which then introduces additional scalars that we have discovered, or at least one particularly simple version of that we have discovered.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, so far, so good.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: There are many ways of how we can implement a picture like that, and typically, if we put, like, take a random theory off the shelf, it will not reproduce the sum unless we observe it.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, a standard model within that context, which is very, very broad, it is extremely restrictive, and it's so… and is so really almost by accident.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So a few things that seem to be very, very puzzling is that bar and number conservation is really built into this framework within the context of the sound number as an accidental symmetry.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: CPU violation is very, very small.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then, of course, it's troublesome if we like more variants than antivirus in the universe, and I think we all do.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: There are more theoretically founded questions, for instance, why is the WZ mastery exactly the way it does, and why does it link?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: to the ratio of charge versus neutral current interactions, exactly the way we do it, the way we see it. There's an additional symmetry, which is exactly the… but there's also a lot more trouble in theory, man, which

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Probably fair to say, that has been bugging all of us for…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the past 14 years or so, but no good progress has been made there, so there's a strong CFP problem, there's fixed naturalness, which just tells you when you write down

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the defining principle for them, not to really write it down in terms of the Lagwangian. You would naively expect different terms to be there, or other terms to be very, very sizable, but somehow they turn to be… turn out to be very, very small, and even…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: What's even more puzzling is that this small number is actually a cancellation between two 93 large numbers, and unless you have symmetry that tells you that there's an exact cancellation, it's not natural to expect these terms to be absent. So, for instance, a small neutron

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Of course, the likeness of the Higgs mask compared to whatever cut-offs that we might see in action.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And on top of all of this, we know…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Or we… we don't really have a different contender in,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In our toolbox as such, that we know that the universe has undergone a really kind of classical evolution relatively early on.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: in the universe that is linked to modified gravity. Of course, gravity does not feature in this picture whatsoever.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So a lot more open questions than answers.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But what particle physics really does, it… It tries to…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Patch things together by looking at

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: what the experiments, i.e. You, what you're giving us.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And somehow the standard model is kind of…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: almost too good to be true, so it's unexpectedly accurate. And I took by no other reason more than luck, because I saw this picture by artists first.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: This is a whole collection of them.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Of, cross-sections times branching ratio of observations normalized to the standard model expectation.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And, you can see that this kind of gives you a nice high squared, so if… Yes.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I was never good in lab work, and usually I had to kind of fudge the chi-square to make it through by the skin of my teeth. And I would have been very pleased with such an outcome, okay? So it's, looks very good for the sample.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But, that being said.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: it, it only gives very, very limited insights into, into what the exports and interactions are. So…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The nature of the TEV scale is very closely linked to the properties of the… if they're more than 3 weeks old, then all of these things kind of get modified, of course.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But with these kind of… all this… this plethora of numbers, they link essentially to these two classes of each interactions. So the interactions of a single Higgs boson with the massive gauge bosons.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And the interactions with the X photon with massive fermies, and of course, you can pop these in the loop, and then you get interactions with massive stage photons, for instance, gluon fusion, which is the dominant production perception for the exploding at the LHC.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So there's a partial insight.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Into how these things behave at quantum level as well.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So… Taking that at heart, looking at all

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the theoretical shortcomings that we live with, what are the possibilities? And I…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: put a disclaimer here, and what I want to talk today about is mainly to rescale phenomenology.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Which is, of course, not representative of all the work that you are doing here. Of course, there's a lot more development in, in neutrino business as well, but also in,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In the landscape of cosmology.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Perhaps if there's comment if you want to say a few words about that.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, interrupt me at any point in time if you have questions, you know, don't hold back.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I am here to please.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, without further ado, what…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: can these six couplings that we've measured, what can they tell us, and how can we make progress in it a little bit? So…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We've seen that perturbativity has been a huge success story, so the whole picture that I showed you, Lincoln, gauge, and X sectors with spontaneous broken symmetries, etc, that's a huge success story, and it's been a success story for 40, 50 years.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, essentially, by assuming the standard model was only by looking at, say, poor data from level 1, gathered, really, a relatively tight window where the exposant should sit. I think it was… in that fit, it was around 130, 140 GUD.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: A lot of you might not remember that Rubin flop, that the Higgs one was found at 125 GA. Could have almost guessed this from radiated imprints, and it said, so just looking at this historic example, and fast-forwarding to, 2026,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: There is no reason not to trust in this framework once more.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And instead of asking the question now.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: what triggers electronic symmetry breaking, and how do we model it? Maybe we can pick up a different problem off the shelf that is not a good standard model itself, and try to make progress with that. Also, will it be towards what might come beyond the high luminosity at XC phase. And of course, then there are many options.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, writing down… New physics models is a sport that a lot of people indulge in.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But perhaps we can kind of… Focus around

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: some well-defined questions and well-defined requirements in nature, then try to draw relatively broad conclusions as to what might be useful to look for in the present and future collides, or where these things might be hiding.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Right. So, and one thing that I want to focus here today on is bogenesis. So, we know that there are more vines

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In the universe in antivirus, we know that this can't be necessarily an accidental generation during the early period of the development of the universe. This would be, again, yet another fine-tuned problem. We have plenty of those. There's no merit, I think, in accepting

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: small cancellations.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Go from there. But if you want to explain this in a dynamical way, Sakura wrote down.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And this account, we've done three relatively broadly defined criteria that we need to tick off.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In order to get more violence and antibiotics.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That's fun.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Of, of the evolution of the universe.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And those three are, if we want more barriers and antibarians, it's quite natural that we want barrier number violation. So I said earlier that baryon number point selection is actually an accidental symmetry in some numbers, or something else needs to happen.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Yeah, but that's a perturbative statement. There are actually non-perturbative configurations that trigger, barrier number politization. Those are the so-called salerons.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: very qualitatively on the next slide, explain how those come about. So, principle, the standard model can deliver that, so it's a… it's a tick mark with, with some disclaimer attached.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: There's C violation, of course, we see that. In the weekly collection, there's CP violation. In the standard model, there's only one single source of CP violation, if you neglect it in treatment sector, I should say that.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Which is the phase of the CKM matrix, and of course we did a similar phase in the PMNS matrix as well.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But these are too small to, to account for the…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Practicing random numerics, we'll see that actually the standard mode does not really produce enough CP violation for the Sakarov criteria to be numerically satisfied. What could take a few minutes? Yes, doesn't run sufficiently.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And on top of all of these things, if something is slightly more opaque, you need a department… a departure from

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: from equilibrium, which means that you cannot reverse the process, essentially, of creative buying. So, if, if you don't…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Well, in a way, it's like opening a fizzy water bottle. You can't get the gas back in. So you've got a phase transition that happens there, so if you can reverse that, then…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the universe would turn any variant of symmetry back into a symmetry. So, and we'll see in the second, hopefully, what this means in more concrete terms.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: If we want to marry biogenesis together with the electromagnet scale.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: then, that's another possibility to make a little bit of progress. And the way this works here is by kind of tapping into this, infamous Svalaron process that converts

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: chirality, so an overabundance of left chiral fields compared to right chiral fields, or right chiral fields compared to left chiral fields into barrier numbers. Essentially.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: a field configuration that changes barrier number to number in very specific ways. You can think of it a little bit like,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: like alpha decay, where you have to tunnel from, you know, your central potential to the outside, that's possibly, that's possible quantum mechanically. But those two different backlink configurations correspond to different numbers involving the electron number.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That's one way of thinking about it. And if the temperature's high enough.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: then… or enough energy is, is available, then the spyloon will just be very, very active, and that decay into different vacuum, different bio and leptin numbers will be unsuppressed, so this is one of the ways of looking at it.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And this happens with, sort of, crucial ratios, as we always like to express things in theoretical physics. So, the vacuum expectation measure of the heat spilled at a given temperature and the possible evolution. It's the span of an energy. So that would be how quickly that process decays away. So, if…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The temperature is high enough.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And… That V is relatively small, then essentially this guy will be completely unsuppressed, so it works.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So how electric biogenesis then works in practice is you… the departure

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: From equilibrium, you introduce via first-order phase transition. First-order phase transition creates bubbles.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And those bubbles will expand in the universe. And what creates the pledge from equilibrium is the bubble wall.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So that really tells you that something in front of the bubble will behave very, very different compared to the inside of the bubble.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And there's something that you can't reverse. If the bubble expands, you can never reverse that process. You can't unbobble the universe.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then a lot of magic happens on… on the bottom wall. So in addition to CP violation.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So you add CPU violation to this picture, that's what I mean. So, in front of the, in front of the wall, you have a symmetric face between left and right.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, left under… Experiments coupled exactly like right-handed.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: fermions in the purpose of this picture, yeah? At high enough temperature, that's the case, the symmetric base. But if you have CP violation in,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: in the interactions with the bubble wall, it will create an overabundance of one chirality to the other. And what this phylum will do is it will unsuppress, turn this, chiral excess into a barrel number.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And the barrier number will accumulate in front of that wall, and as the wall sweeps over that barrier number, it will pull that barrier number into the broken face, where now.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: that siloing process is heavy to press, so if B, that's that expectation value, if that's zero, then essentially you're freezing the volume number on that side.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So essentially, it's a kind of a three-step process. You generate a chiral overabundance.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: transfer that in a salon, buy a salaron to barrier number, then you freeze the barrier number in… in a,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In the spontaneously document.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So that's relatively well understood how to do that.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, now, how do we kind of contextualize that with the wheat scale?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, electrobirogenesis does, so we need a strong first-order phase transition to trigger all this part of nucleation.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And one way of doing this, without

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: changing too much of the stuff that we've seen and liked so far in LXC data, is by modifying the hexate data itself, because we have a relatively limited insight

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: into how the Higgs that it works is not how the gauge poisons and the ferms interact with it, but not so much how the Higgs interacts with itself, or an extended spectrum in the scalar second.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: What that gives you, phenomenologically is perhaps a set of additional exotic states, Hiving in its interactions.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But it also gives you some mixing paths in the scBA sector. And all of these things are phenomenological.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Kind of hallmarks of how you can get sensitivity around your experiments.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And they are, of course, very, very important to, future collider projections as well, beyond the Holinas galaxy.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: CP violation I don't want to talk about, because I actually don't need an awful lot of CP violation to take that off.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But there are certain temps now in the market to, to… to do this even better in the second than before. So, the absence of new physics, as we show these ways to do things better.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And by looking at concrete theories, so concrete theories meaning that we are…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: doing stuff. We normalize a lot of field theories, but this kind of fox that I showed you, it's particularly well-behaved and theoretically robust.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We can make very, very robust predictions on the basis of

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Having extra states, having a little bit of fixed mixing.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And all of this kind of feeding into our regions.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So… How does this work now?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you look at the Higgs potential, a large enough temperature, it's symmetric, so you essentially have a wide-shaped potential, and if you crank up the temperature, essentially that that little,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the bottom gets smoothed out, and you… you're back, you know, symmetric potential.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I said, field values equal to zero.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But once you lower the temperature, a second minimum, non-trivial minimum, can develop, and then at some point, you can tunnel through

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: This will come, and that's exactly… exactly what triggers, potentially a first-order phase transition. I understand that that's not the case, at least not for the masks that we observe. There is much more of a smooth crossover.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So it looks like a continuous phase transition, rather than something that creates holes. One of the issues where the standard model cannot explain biogenesis.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And on the previous slide, I showed you a couple of, you know, hand-wavy equations to just make this a little bit more concrete. The way how you measure the strength of the phase transition in order to get very strong first order, you want.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the vacuum expectation value at the critical temperature when the second minimum develops. We want that to be large compared to, the,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The temperature.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: at exactly where that phase transition happens. That just sets the boundary conditions right for that spinal group process to do exactly what it wants to do, or what it should be.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you can use different measures here, not the critical temperature percolation, or at least bother to percolate, but none of this matters, really, for what I want to show you next.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And it's really the…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: it had a question, how can we create this? And it's a lesson in statistical physics, so this is really what we teach people in second year. In order to change the thermodynamics of the system, you really need to change those line degrees of freedom. If you have something very, very heavy, it just sits there in the plasma and does nothing.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So in order to change, really, the dynamics in that platform, you need to change the low-lying, mass degrees of freedom. There's some…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Caveats that the people, including myself, have been looking into non-perturbative effects that can change the world dramatically.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: People have been looking at this in,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: calculations as well, so this is still a very accurate area of research, but if we buy into that picture.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: What does the NHC so far tell us?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And… Well, it tells us that whatever

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: kind of fixed volume 125 GE boson levels up, which is strongly aligned with the standard model expectation.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But if we want something strong for a sort of phase transition that this animal just can't deliver.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: These new states need to be like, or we need to modify, in a way, the lowest line states that we observed, that is, the explosion itself.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, the first question we can ask ourselves is, where are these exotic studies? For instance, let's assume a two-week startled model kind of ticks all the boxes, we can run these codes.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Plenty of codes out there, for instance, personal transitions or BSMPT, so you can download this instance, play with it, you know, JatGPT does all the tricks for you, really, it's just that good now.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So where are the states to accept the model?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Well, there is a funny interference effect, which is purely accidental in the Sama model, between exotic

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: neutral Z photons, and QCD background configurations. What I mean?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: is… is that. So when we look for new particles at the NXC, for instance, the outlook, you would look for, say, a CP odd scalar with 500 GAV, that gives you this nice, bright Wheatner peak. This is what we expect. It's exactly what you get when you calculate a finite diagram like that. Top blue, you… you get the Higgs, and then it decays into tops again.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, typically.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: These extra states, especially in the two-week standard model, they will be gauge-phobic and thermophilic, because by rotating the gallstones into a direction where they get absorbed by the W gallonces.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the language we use is, sometimes in depression. Whatever is left as orthogonal combinations, they will no longer couple to the gauge body, but they will couple to the Furman. So top field in physics is typically what we expect in these scenarios.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, this is a… it's a very well-motivated search.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But making a distinction between

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: signal topologies and background topologies is something that we're actually not allowed to do in quantum field theory.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And typically, you can get away with it.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But in this instance, you don't.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because you have this background contribution, just the leading on the diagram, knows nothing about spontaneous symbiotic, this is old school, QC, very straightforward.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But if you do the color decomposition of these interactions, you also see that the TT bar system can be in a color sync configuration.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Which, this is also the case here, the excess color charge, it will be named to TT bar, they're fully color correlated. So they can interfere, and they will interfere, and they typically interfere very destructively. So, that entire

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: not repeat that we expect, kind of gets sculpted into whatever you like. So it can get dips, you can get flat out,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Distributions. And that, of course, heavily decreases the sensitivity.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because I've searches. Of course, both APIS and CMS are well aware of these facts, and they're included. It's very difficult to include them in non-specific model ways.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: People are working on this, but the take-home story is that if that interference is large, systematics can be bigger than we naively expect from normal bumpers, and you might as well

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In the current, current phase of the LHC miss these days.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, if we take that to each subway model, type 1, for what it's worth, you enter current signal coupling effects, flavor constraints, and you look for exactly these interference effects, what you find is that. So, you typically find a large negative interference.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Noted here is the leading order cross-section of the signal, plus the interference part.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Divided by the leading moral expectation. So, that's kind of a… The way of… no, sorry.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That tells you how much this…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It's a kind of a dimensionless number, how much this nice resonance peak gets.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: deformed into something that we don't. So if that's largely negative, we are in trouble, or direct searches are in trouble.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, it seems like… But there is quite a bit of parameter space in these old school models.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That, is… Difficulties through the current stage.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So there's a fair chance that we might miss this.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, what I'm trying to do now is kind of create a little bit of a negative story, in a way, sort of a nightmare scenario.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But, there will be a… there will be a good outcome. That's my personal version of the telenovela in high energy physics, so bear with me.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Now we can ask, we are missing these direct signals at the exit.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Can we see something in correlated Higgs coupling modifications? Because we have… we have misaligned the Higgs poison from Sandler model expectation tens of slightly, but of course, data will come in, and we'll measure Higgs couplings more and more precisely as time passes.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And the answer is unfortunately not. So, what we see here in these lines, the 68-95% confidence level, it's coupling

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Modification projections are written in the, in the parameters of the 2HGN, they all matter.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And these points here.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They are successful points where the baseline security storms or split the units.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: exactly this parameter that tells us how strong the first order phase transition is. We want that to be large, so it should be yellowish, and hopefully they should be outside these constraints, and if they're outside these constraints, we would see some

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Sensitivity at,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: at the LHC, and the plethora of these points actually sits within these constraints, so even the… the large data set of the high luminosity LHC might miss these coupling modifications. All the while.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: New physics sits right there, hiding right in front of our eyes.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Following up from that, current…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: sort of roadmap towards future colitis would entail a position E plus E minus machine that starts off with a position Z4 measurement, so essentially slap 1 and steroids. Much more detailed, much more precise.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And essentially, what you want to do, or what you can do, and people have done this, is let one, some extended lead 2 as well. You measure these vacuum polarizations of massive gauge photons, so X and Y can be resets in the W's. When you include muon decay, for instance, you can really measure that in the W sector as well.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then you can ask, how does this kind of modified, these kinds of topologies, how would they modify?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Physics measurements away From the sum of all expectation, and that can be…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: galvanized into two different quantities, it's the S and T parameters of things, testing definition parameters, or leak corrections.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Doesn't matter what they are, but typically you get these ellipses.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you can see that a lot of these points are sitting in the ellipse of the terrorism program, so we crank up.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Z4 measurements, you measure that very, very precisely. Yet still, a lot of these two HD endpoints sit within that ellipse, and the Z4 program will not tell you that exist is there. So, we come from the LXC, don't see any exotics, we don't see anything in the positioning program at the LXC.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And we don't see anything as a cyclical, so that's all terrible news. But new physics is still there.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: One of the requirements here was that we go away from the Seminar model, first loaded work, the zero sort of second-order phase transition, continuous crossover.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, how can that hike?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In front of our eyes, and the answer is it can't.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because I have assumed a new business there, in some way or another, it will show up, and it will show up at the dedicated FICS run at this FCCEE proposal.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: envisioned. So, that runs at around 240 GV plus or minus, which is round about where the maximum of the associated fixed production cross-section sits. And that props a lot more stuff.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: than just how the Z boton travels through space and time. In particular, it measures all of these sorts of things, how the Z boton couples to those.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And that receives corrections also from all the extended fixes, okay, that's sit there.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And this is exactly what triggers the first order phase transition in that particular scenario, and that will drive the cross-section away from the Summer Wanda expectation. So what's shown here is yellow, sorry, green. Greenish is the sensitivity expectation of,

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Offer that associated production perception.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: At 240 GMBs, probably about 0.3%.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: for, HSET collisions?

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So that's this horizontal line, and all these kinds of points here that are… that are grayed out, those are the ones that are not

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Those are just generic scans, and the solid ones are those that are consistent with the STU program.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Of the previous month. And so those toys tell you that we don't see anything.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: up until and including the set pull program at FCCE. But here now, we see that when you include the radiated corrections that sort of happen in these topologies, the cross-section expectation over the standard volume is actually going above that sensitivity.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: expectations. The velocity on the y-axis is the cross-section divided by the standard of expectation.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you can see that all these points are popping out. So by measuring…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the associated fixed production at, FCCED and measuring that very, very precisely, you would actually see the indirect effects of these new states.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: that secretly, in the early universe, create more variants, antivirus. So, the message really is.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: whatever new physics is there, and it's talking to the TE scale, this will not hide.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: at FCCE, so that's quite, I think, a strong outcome, and a main motivation for

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We're pushing forward with this.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: All the time.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: deviations in… in the precision program at the LHC can still show up, okay? So it doesn't mean that it's all doom and gloom until

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: 20, 30, 40, 60, or whatever. These machines might come online, if they come online at all.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So all the while, we might actually see something new.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And… So there's no reason… I deliberately painted a relatively pessimistic picture, yet with a positive outcome.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But let's focus on something that is perhaps a little bit more revealing in the… in the near term.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: whilst this is good, one can be a little bit dismissive about, the public, so it only tells you how it hits both, two-way photons, and it only does so within a certain level of uncertainty.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And, so perhaps… that uncertainty… is…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: is still too large. I mean, you're looking at that smaller 2.1, but 5 years is not much in AIC land, so they might have gone down by a little bit. But still, kind of, percent-level couplings might still be possible, and if that's the case, then actually we're back in business big time.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because… B.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: when I showed you that initial picture where you have

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: container symmetry broken, the Higgs mechanism. The Higgs boson of 15-25GV Higgs boson does a very, very dedicated job. It keeps scattering amplitudes within reason.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Which means that their growth to high energies is not…

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: enhance, and it promptly enhance, because your entirety tells us that we can't get more out than we put in. And the Higgs boson plays exactly this role, and it's one of the reasons why the AIC really was a phenomenological, no-loose experiment, because you had to discover the Higgs boson, or you would see something completely different, like Technical.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But the whole idea that nature needs to be unitary really talks, really constrains the Higgs couplings, fight

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: quite precisely, and then you can change things in terms of the mix, and we'll talk about this in a second. But if we see a significant deviation, whatever's so… whatever's small from, say, the X W's.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That old problem reappears.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you, again, have a no-use theorem that tells you where to look next.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then, of course, that can feature as well. But it can also kind of tell you, perhaps, you're missing resonance in multi-boson finances, which are difficult to, to discern experimentally, so you get distributions, and sometimes these bits might actually absorb some of these new physics.

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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So… Any coupling modification, that includes the fermian sector as well.

273
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That just tells you that, unitarity violation is back on the scene.

274
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And that tells you directly an energy scale where you should find something. And it's exactly what the standard model predicts the stuff that we were talking about.

275
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then you can ask on the basis of,

276
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: interactions at the probe is in…

277
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: put these facets of the Higgs photon sector in the best possible way, important fusion really is the way of going about it, which probably best collateral concept prepares them if we see an outcome at the high luminosity galaxy that really reveals the percent level variation of the Higgs coupling to gauge photons.

278
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So…

279
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: One way of looking at this is a relatively old way of looking at it. It starts with Weinberg in some groups in the 60s.

280
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, you can… calculate the designing rounds.

281
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the longitudinal polarizations of the Ws, they scale at very large energies, like the energy themselves. So, naively, this final diagram with amplitude level grows with the fourth power.

282
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: of the center of mass energy. And of course, at some level, you'll start to violate the immutality, I believe.

283
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You have also these diagrams.

284
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They come in, they're related to these interactions to engage symmetry. They give you a relation between these couplings when we write them down as kind of more abstract, quantities.

285
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They give you some rule like that that tells you that If you…

286
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: have this relation between the quartic interactions and the Stridlinia interactions that looks like this, at the level of these thought-subject couplings, then there's no growth in energy to reach the power 4.

287
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Now, that coupling relation seems rather opaque. We have only one state boson, it's directly in consequence of gauge symmetry, so this is how

288
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: This picture of gauge symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking kind of feeds together and creates a theory that is well-behaved in the DPV. It's exactly what quantity field theory requires you to do.

289
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Now, what is the goal of the hits? Now you have kind of removed the e to the power of 4th row, you still have e to the power of

290
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: two blocks, and this is really what's done by the Higgs boson itself, the second subgroup.

291
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And it looks like that, which includes the masses.

292
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And those really are relations that are protected by gauge symmetry and symmetry breaking. So now you can ask the question, if we see a deviation.

293
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In the Higgs sector, maybe you have more than a single Higgs boson, maybe you have more than a single Z poson, for instance, in technical theory, you can feed that back.

294
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Into the sum rules.

295
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And…

296
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: from that, you can then guess the mass scale at which these new particles should show up in order for these sum rules to be fulfilled. So it gives you

297
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: A recipe to describe the phenomenology only determined by the entirety, asymmetry, and convergence of these unknown rules.

298
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Which is a… a model-independent, but not EFT approach, to looking for new physics.

299
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The two major…

300
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We've bought some fusion machines that are on the market, of course, HCC, HH, and immune polygon, very different concepts.

301
00:40:15.590 --> 00:40:17.099
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Very busy plot.

302
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Verifying of the future.

303
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But the upshot is, actually, both

304
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: both colliding concepts. Within the limits of how we can kind of understand them now.

305
00:40:28.940 --> 00:40:30.689
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They give you a similar sensibility.

306
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So it's… it's not a question of, which should you prefer, or where do you put your ex in, which password do you put your ex in.

307
00:40:39.280 --> 00:40:43.880
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It really… both will perform from that perspective at equal levels.

308
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So… If we see a deviation in the SKH model sector, that kind of levels the playing field.

309
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: forward.

310
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: At least along the theoretical axis, and then you can focus on what is the better concept to develop.

311
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Accelerator-wise, but also politically, and I have the expertise in either, so I'm not going to attempt that.

312
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So that's really a very busy plot, but you… that's the take-home story. The lines for discovery are pretty much the same everywhere. People take a few hundred GAVs, so there's not really much in it.

313
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The last thing I want to focus on is, the third…

314
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the third point that I brought up initially. So…

315
00:41:30.550 --> 00:41:38.340
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: at least I mentioned that the sandwall is extremely restrictive, and we saw aspects of this appearing in some rules, but also before that.

316
00:41:38.570 --> 00:41:52.420
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So perhaps the correlations that we are expecting by defining everything around Sun and Moon sensitivity are too restrictive to find new physics. So it might be hiding in a place we are simply not bothering to look at, because we're not expecting it to be there.

317
00:41:53.270 --> 00:41:57.220
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So starting again with that Clympics top link.

318
00:41:58.200 --> 00:42:07.590
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Of course, that's not the only coupling that we have in the Higgs sector with gauge bosons. There's this guy as well, where you have, two Higgs bosons over to two gauge bosons.

319
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you can ask the question, why?

320
00:42:10.390 --> 00:42:16.219
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Why don't we have 3, or 4, or 5, like that? So we can play that game forever.

321
00:42:16.500 --> 00:42:21.400
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But it started to become really non-trivial, because this guy is actually for women, and it's summer.

322
00:42:21.830 --> 00:42:23.630
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So you calm right back down.

323
00:42:23.820 --> 00:42:35.980
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Which, when something doesn't happen, or something is excluded, then it might actually be a good idea to look for it. That's what we do in… with barrier, barrier number violation, right? That's what tells us it has to be exactly zero.

324
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, looking forward is a worthwhile exercise to shoot a hole in it. Here, it's much, much more complicated, okay? But to some degree.

325
00:42:44.330 --> 00:42:46.340
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: people in autism CMS.

326
00:42:46.500 --> 00:42:51.069
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Those amongst you are working on this are already doing this, and…

327
00:42:51.540 --> 00:42:56.819
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I think it's probably fair to say it kind of started as an accident, but it's… I'll show you it's a lucky accident.

328
00:42:56.990 --> 00:43:06.019
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because it carries a lot of information, so it… what people like to do is they template these Feynman diagrams in terms of the couplings, and it's always difficult.

329
00:43:06.230 --> 00:43:12.379
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because by changing one topology, you're changing a lot, and typically then

330
00:43:12.530 --> 00:43:19.159
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: theorists shout Agent variants and stuff, and everybody gets worried, so let's not do that. But…

331
00:43:19.370 --> 00:43:26.130
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: There are… there are tools or approaches on the market where this actually does make sense, and then you can ask the question.

332
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: What is the driving force behind this? So, long story short, Atlas and CMS are already modifying these, these couplings independently from those, and independently from those. In the second one, these couplings, they are not

333
00:43:44.200 --> 00:43:51.280
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They're not independent. Essentially, you get the single Nix vertex by taking the,

334
00:43:51.850 --> 00:43:57.280
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The quartic one, and setting the hex line, one of the hex lines to the vacuum expectation value.

335
00:43:57.740 --> 00:44:00.380
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So if you start burying them independently.

336
00:44:00.880 --> 00:44:03.970
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Then you make a mistake, and the theory will not be happy.

337
00:44:04.340 --> 00:44:11.570
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: A different way of saying this is you can't change one term in the covariant derivative independent from the other.

338
00:44:11.720 --> 00:44:14.769
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It's just not faceted. They arise from one single term.

339
00:44:15.030 --> 00:44:16.319
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That being said.

340
00:44:16.550 --> 00:44:24.729
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: QCD doesn't bother about any of this, so you can look into the related corrections to these kinds of quantities when we're just talking about quantum thrownodynamics.

341
00:44:24.890 --> 00:44:29.660
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you can see that's where the student online desktop before I left.

342
00:44:29.940 --> 00:44:39.809
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You can see that the next big one is scale uncertain. It's really, really small, so this is a very, very routine process in discerning multi-exposure interactions.

343
00:44:39.890 --> 00:44:52.759
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Albeit the wheat boson fusion cross-section sits somewhere in between the most common. So, root fusion is larger, and CC-bar HH is a little smaller.

344
00:44:53.340 --> 00:44:56.620
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, the limits are… are like that.

345
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STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So we see that to be very, very sensitive, so scaling this away from the standard model expectation value really triggers quite a cross-section deviation.

346
00:45:05.990 --> 00:45:09.560
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Why is that the case? Because it's, again, a story of humanity.

347
00:45:10.440 --> 00:45:17.739
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So you can write down the WH amplitude, look at longitudinal polarizations, and you examine the high energy limit.

348
00:45:17.790 --> 00:45:32.880
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you see that this actually traces these relations power to be minus kappa V squared. So if I change the Higgs sector now, by introducing some Higgs mixing in the simplest possible way, I can misalign a single Higgs coupling a little bit from the standard mode of expectation with one single

349
00:45:33.090 --> 00:45:36.560
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: with one single angle.

350
00:45:37.120 --> 00:45:46.400
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And as an immediate check that we normalize in theory, it kind of producing good high-energy behavior, so if you have…

351
00:45:46.670 --> 00:45:55.240
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Kappa V as cosine alpha in these single mixing scenarios. Kappa 2B will be cosine squared, alpha, you plug this in, you see high energy divide as 3.

352
00:45:55.380 --> 00:45:58.690
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It's exactly what we normalize theories will tell you.

353
00:45:58.860 --> 00:45:59.710
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Now…

354
00:46:00.060 --> 00:46:09.840
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Something that you might have heard in your quantum field theory class, but have immediately forgotten about, is that these longitudinal gauge poisons had very, very large energies that behave

355
00:46:09.970 --> 00:46:15.870
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: like, like all zombie hunts. So, that's, again, the magic of

356
00:46:16.030 --> 00:46:20.940
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: renormalizability, I shouldn't say matches, but it really is a global thing, how it works out.

357
00:46:21.090 --> 00:46:30.750
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They behave like derivatively coupled scalars, and that removes all the problems that you would find in these effective areas. So, that amplitude, although

358
00:46:31.020 --> 00:46:39.579
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It pretends to be an amplitude that couples the gauge boson sector to the Higgs boson. It really is a scattering amplitude that is specific to the Higgs sector itself.

359
00:46:40.240 --> 00:46:43.600
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, and that tells you something, then, about how

360
00:46:43.910 --> 00:46:47.910
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That space of fixed horizons kind of interacts.

361
00:46:48.060 --> 00:46:56.349
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And one thing that we always teach our students, starting from year one, is that physics must not depend on the coordinate choices that you do. That's, of course, if I…

362
00:46:56.720 --> 00:47:02.139
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: write down eigen atoms and spheric coordinates, or Cartesian coordinates, the physics are still the same.

363
00:47:02.470 --> 00:47:12.589
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The same is true for the Lagunogen. I can write down a different Lagunogen that I can obtain from my original standard model going through a field definition, but still give you the same… same physics.

364
00:47:12.770 --> 00:47:15.130
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And a theory that kind of tells us

365
00:47:15.280 --> 00:47:23.120
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: What puts this really up front is general relativity, where all physics around us is essentially determined by how space is curved.

366
00:47:23.470 --> 00:47:38.469
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And that's also true to some extent, for quantum field theory. So if we understand the scalar fields as coordinates in some more abstract space, these amplitudes and these amplitudes, these in factories, they correspond to sectional curvatures.

367
00:47:38.670 --> 00:47:47.639
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: in the manifold, which is not space-time, but it is a manifold of the H bosons, of the Bonsai bosons and the X bosons themselves.

368
00:47:48.630 --> 00:47:55.860
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So that gives us a nice way of looking at this in a slightly more abstract way, but in a much more powerful way.

369
00:47:56.230 --> 00:47:58.820
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So for instance, for,

370
00:47:58.940 --> 00:48:07.020
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: For compact groups, where I define my electrical symmetric manifold as a sort of sphere in five dimensions.

371
00:48:07.690 --> 00:48:12.670
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I'm gonna be very abstract. Then I get these relations.

372
00:48:14.740 --> 00:48:21.730
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Composite fixed theories are very, very difficult theories. Some of you might… might come across them, but writing this down in terms of this

373
00:48:22.560 --> 00:48:29.570
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Geometric interpretation is very straightforward, it's just really writing down the metric on a sphere and then translating this.

374
00:48:29.700 --> 00:48:34.519
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In a two-liner, really. Ask ChatGPT to do this, it's amazing.

375
00:48:34.680 --> 00:48:41.909
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you get these coupling relations. So that's perhaps a little bit highbrow, but it has phenomenological

376
00:48:42.120 --> 00:48:54.819
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: consequences. Namely, if I observe that a single starting modification for sine alpha, I can always map it onto this gram side, which measures sum of aspects of this curve. So I can always do this.

377
00:48:54.870 --> 00:49:05.939
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But then the question is, do I have an additional Higgs singlet that mixes with this animal, or do I deal with a strongly interacting theory? There might be other stuff going around, but in case that doesn't happen, how do I discern

378
00:49:06.010 --> 00:49:08.470
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Or how to discriminate between these two.

379
00:49:08.560 --> 00:49:14.730
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: These two possibilities, and you need double leaks production for that, because you will not be able to, kind of.

380
00:49:15.150 --> 00:49:27.039
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: reproduce this formula by identifying cosine alpha with kappa being sine. So if you practice in, the only parameter choice for which would work would be alpha equals 0.

381
00:49:27.250 --> 00:49:36.110
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And that would be the standard one, which is obviously not what we observed, of course, and alpha is not equal. So, there is merit in, in this analysis.

382
00:49:36.430 --> 00:49:41.109
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And you can kind of spin this very, very far, actually. So by decoupling.

383
00:49:41.350 --> 00:49:48.780
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: this quartic interaction from a single mix interaction, you can really almost landscape,

384
00:49:49.460 --> 00:49:57.229
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the electric sector, and how electric configuration comes about. So, in this category, happened to be safe.

385
00:49:57.530 --> 00:50:01.600
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You can set constraints at the high luminosity that you see, you can…

386
00:50:02.060 --> 00:50:07.549
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We did this… my student did this for a bunch of other politicians, for instance, CAIC, which was still…

387
00:50:07.700 --> 00:50:10.690
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You know, discussed back in the day.

388
00:50:10.820 --> 00:50:13.530
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Well, it's different now, of course, but, you know, the…

389
00:50:13.920 --> 00:50:19.119
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: This is the limit where we expected high luminosity. We've seen, of course, we don't expect that if we get something else bigger.

390
00:50:19.550 --> 00:50:22.589
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But the closer you zero in.

391
00:50:22.720 --> 00:50:26.500
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: onto the sum of the case where kappa B is equal to 1 and kappa 2B is equal to

392
00:50:26.880 --> 00:50:29.569
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: to one. You can really kind of discern

393
00:50:29.700 --> 00:50:40.509
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: what new physics will be, just by that single measurement. So, for instance, if you have triplet states, 6 triplets, they live up here, they enhance kappa 2V, they decrease kappa-V,

394
00:50:41.160 --> 00:50:49.789
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: A singlet scenario, the cosine alpha business that I talked about, tracks this one single line. Composite fixed models will sit on a line like that.

395
00:50:49.960 --> 00:50:58.890
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You have hyperbolic, composites models that kind of extend that line up in the air, so you can deform the sphere into a high…

396
00:50:59.210 --> 00:51:08.149
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Hyperboloid, is that the word, yeah? That will give you exactly that correlation. And down here, theories that predict a larger capability.

397
00:51:09.290 --> 00:51:20.780
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And smaller kappa-2 million, see, those are super duper exotic, so that's typically something that mixes a teletonic state, so something that arises from spontaneously breaking off.

398
00:51:21.050 --> 00:51:23.840
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Scaling variants together with it.

399
00:51:24.160 --> 00:51:30.279
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That's a super-duper exotic, yeah, so…

400
00:51:30.720 --> 00:51:35.229
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I leave it to you whether you like it, the universe like that. I said, you know.

401
00:51:35.580 --> 00:51:37.810
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That measurement would tell us progress.

402
00:51:38.290 --> 00:51:42.789
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And the way that you can decouple kappa 2B from kappa B is actually

403
00:51:43.280 --> 00:52:02.109
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: very well theory to be rooted in a different way of writing down theories, or fixed-effective theory, which has a lot of interesting technical advantages, rather than talk about this. But of course, you can exploit these technical advantages to also get inular sensitivity at precision crossing lines machines moving forward.

404
00:52:02.240 --> 00:52:04.490
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Intermediate.

405
00:52:04.870 --> 00:52:09.890
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: projects in… Arguably in a very, very long timeline.

406
00:52:10.110 --> 00:52:14.309
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, that's my summary. We don't have to… we have not seen new physics so far.

407
00:52:14.530 --> 00:52:18.690
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But the NHC, as I show you, has a lot of room left for sensitivity.

408
00:52:18.960 --> 00:52:24.690
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And there are clear BSM opportunities at the higher levels of the Atlantic Sea and beyond.

409
00:52:25.230 --> 00:52:28.860
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then, I mean.

410
00:52:30.280 --> 00:52:37.580
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It would have been nice to discover something new, but we didn't have that serendipitous moment so far.

411
00:52:38.070 --> 00:52:53.189
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But I think analysis approaches and understanding how data kind of informs theory, and how theory can evolve, at the level of how we are informed by the data from… from the… from all experiments, really, not just the AIC that has kind of

412
00:52:54.610 --> 00:53:09.399
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: left us in a really, really robust shape for whatever comes next, and there are lots of modeling techniques on the market that are being developed immediately, sorry. Machine learning's really changing the game rather significantly, and I think very much for the better at the moment.

413
00:53:11.300 --> 00:53:24.250
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Speaking from a phenomenological perspective, I think that we have really too little insights into the electromagnetic scale sector and phlamophysics so far. Electric scale is probably more relevant for the NFC moving forward.

414
00:53:24.690 --> 00:53:28.229
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But we could still be in for a surprise.

415
00:53:28.420 --> 00:53:43.079
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And whatever kind of, new aspect that we might see, or we might not see anything, along these lines at all, in terms of one discovery, that will tell us about its relation, the relation of the TP scale in the broader context of the,

416
00:53:43.180 --> 00:53:53.959
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the evolution of, of the universe very early on in these studies. And there are dedicated links that we can explore between the electron sector and cosmology, so the kind of

417
00:53:54.390 --> 00:54:04.690
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: sometimes I'm a bit of that as well. You think about particle physics really just very narrowly about what, you know, what interests you. For me, that's the physics and the electrics, yeah.

418
00:54:04.800 --> 00:54:07.670
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But whatever we learn about that will also inform

419
00:54:08.160 --> 00:54:11.289
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: cosmology, for instance, the SKO program, so…

420
00:54:11.490 --> 00:54:14.159
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: There are links that can be exported moving forward.

421
00:54:14.380 --> 00:54:16.139
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And I'll leave it with that. Thank you very much.

422
00:54:22.930 --> 00:54:27.049
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Thank you, very well on time. Yes, so let's go to questions.

423
00:54:30.660 --> 00:54:43.669
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Yes, please. Thank you very much. Really a comprehensive talk. Just on your last point on the connection between, electrobe scale and the cosmology, and how, from particle physics, how it can

424
00:54:43.880 --> 00:54:46.589
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Solve some of the issues in the cosmology,

425
00:54:47.560 --> 00:55:07.170
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Could you elaborate a bit more in terms of the vice versa, for example, all the tensions which are going on in the cosmology, how those… if you come across anything wherein we can relate to and explore and connect with the electroly? Well, people get very, excited about our tension, you know, that is something that's…

426
00:55:07.410 --> 00:55:16.170
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That sits firmly, I think, within the context of cosmology. There are too many things that are not well understood there in order for us to say this is

427
00:55:16.320 --> 00:55:22.940
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: offices. But… The fact that we see

428
00:55:24.750 --> 00:55:31.959
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We have convincing evidence that the face transition in the standard one is a continuous crossover. That doesn't exclude the possibility

429
00:55:32.310 --> 00:55:37.329
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Of, biogens is happening as part of, the electric phase transition.

430
00:55:37.600 --> 00:55:40.040
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: There are ways how you can do this to wait.

431
00:55:40.410 --> 00:55:44.299
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you need CP violation, but CP violation can… can…

432
00:55:45.310 --> 00:55:55.010
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: String theory gets important. Okay, so FCP violation can be induced in certain string theory models at a very, very large scale, so… and then you can hide that in inflation.

433
00:55:55.320 --> 00:55:56.850
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Not directly.

434
00:55:57.200 --> 00:56:00.269
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Borrow your number generation, but you can…

435
00:56:00.960 --> 00:56:08.149
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You can source electromagnetic fields as part of the inflationary history that get then transferred

436
00:56:09.290 --> 00:56:27.589
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: in a very shrewd way, into a barrier number as part of a second, for continuous crossover in this animal. So, pinning down the properties of this animal, finding, really getting to the most precise level in informing these theoretical parameters to tell us that, indeed.

437
00:56:28.570 --> 00:56:32.230
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We are now firm believers of a continuous crossover.

438
00:56:32.420 --> 00:56:33.700
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That tells us.

439
00:56:34.000 --> 00:56:34.860
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: God.

440
00:56:35.150 --> 00:56:41.230
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: our regenesis needs to be part of a different cosmological picture, sorry.

441
00:56:42.100 --> 00:56:50.030
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And non-resolved, in my domain of interest, is still a result, and it's still a result. It carries a lot of weight.

442
00:56:50.580 --> 00:56:59.339
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: for people working in other disciplines. So that's just one example of how it could then work. And that, of course, SKO I mentioned,

443
00:57:01.160 --> 00:57:03.250
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They will be able, possibly.

444
00:57:03.600 --> 00:57:07.160
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: To look more carefully, or set additional constraints.

445
00:57:07.280 --> 00:57:08.410
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Whalen Latin.

446
00:57:08.800 --> 00:57:23.190
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: from these particular scenarios where you create biogenesis as part of… or you already see that biogenesis is actually sown as part of inflation through, electrical mechanic things, so it's a little bit related to, magnetogenesis.

447
00:57:23.400 --> 00:57:25.589
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: If that rings a bell, please.

448
00:57:28.930 --> 00:57:29.980
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Cool question.

449
00:57:36.610 --> 00:57:49.840
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I missed a lot of it, and I'm sorry, I mean, I can't execute some details on it, but when you do all this, you include, you know, the fact of the universe, you expect some explanation for matter versus antimatter.

450
00:57:49.840 --> 00:58:07.250
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: this is one of these sort of slightly crazy questions that you get. What if the answer is just that you don't need to build in the mechanism for that, and it just was that way? Yeah. So if you see that constraint, how does that change your picture? It changes it a lot.

451
00:58:09.500 --> 00:58:15.130
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I… Of course, it could be an accident, absolutely. It will be a fine duty.

452
00:58:16.000 --> 00:58:17.140
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Accident?

453
00:58:20.960 --> 00:58:40.269
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I mean, maybe not why that might have happened, because, like, who knows, right? But what consequence would that have if you released that constraint in terms of the ways that you look, then? How constrained you are in terms of thinking about what metrics looks like? No, no, I mean, what the correlations I showed are very specific to that one simple model that I studied. Yeah. And I think that's…

454
00:58:40.580 --> 00:58:42.080
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That's a fair…

455
00:58:43.410 --> 00:58:49.190
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I'm not sure if you meant it as a criticism, but I could phrase it as a criticism, and it would be fair.

456
00:58:49.480 --> 00:58:53.790
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But still, if you work in a renormalize some scenarios, it gives you…

457
00:58:54.540 --> 00:59:03.170
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Position really matters, and it becomes very important because it informs a very small set of parameters, rather than 2,499.

458
00:59:03.860 --> 00:59:10.870
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But of course, if you buy into the fact that, you know, you have inflation, you have

459
00:59:11.130 --> 00:59:17.750
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The universe is probing different aspects and different, disconnected patches, and we are essentially just an accident.

460
00:59:17.860 --> 00:59:22.610
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, anthropics, essentially.

461
00:59:22.900 --> 00:59:30.120
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I think that's kind of… It is a possibility, but it's not a scientifically useful one.

462
00:59:30.440 --> 00:59:32.060
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because you could…

463
00:59:32.440 --> 00:59:40.149
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you could ask that about other things. I mean, if… if my grandmother had wheels, she'd be a bike. Kind of… kind of that way.

464
00:59:40.310 --> 00:59:42.369
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I mean, I… I think that…

465
00:59:45.110 --> 00:59:48.809
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We have more scenarios where we can explain it.

466
00:59:49.120 --> 00:59:51.059
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: with observable facts.

467
00:59:51.350 --> 00:59:56.449
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: then just accepting it, so I think our DK is to look for that, rather than

468
00:59:56.770 --> 01:00:01.849
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Believe the truth here, and just, you know, do other things, you know.

469
01:00:02.010 --> 01:00:06.830
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Perhaps our politicians think that it's more useful use of our time.

470
01:00:06.830 --> 01:00:31.610
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So I would disagree with that, but yeah, but I think that there's still stuff to be understood out there, rather than just pure coincidence. Yeah, so you don't… so you don't need to appeal to a sort of… so they would simplify the problem, but you don't need to appeal to that, and let's stick with a plan that answers these various concerns. I mean, it would… there are these calculations, and if the net barrier symmetry is super small. It's tiny when you start from symmetry.

471
01:00:31.610 --> 01:00:35.250
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: face. There's essentially no way how you could create this.

472
01:00:35.660 --> 01:00:36.809
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Other than…

473
01:00:38.820 --> 01:00:58.369
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you know, some dramatic cancellation in ways that we don't understand, that we have not really seen anywhere else. And there are too many things that we don't understand how gravity talks through all of us, so this was a good question. So, how can we marry this together with gravity? You know, this is not part of this. Marry this together with inflation, or try to understand it from the perspective of modified gravities.

474
01:00:59.530 --> 01:01:11.800
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: there's a whole field that we have no idea how that works within the context of the tools that we have developed over the past 50 years. So I think making progress on that, you'll see some new insights, and

475
01:01:11.930 --> 01:01:13.210
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Nope. We've…

476
01:01:13.460 --> 01:01:23.790
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The cool thing about working in high energy fields is that tomorrow, some smart grad student that nobody's heard of might have all the answers and put them on the iPad. We'll be the first time?

477
01:01:24.590 --> 01:01:30.030
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So it's always a little bit doom and gloom until that moment happens, and perhaps…

478
01:01:30.330 --> 01:01:33.300
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: My job being 45, and…

479
01:01:35.340 --> 01:01:42.609
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: not having too many good ideas anymore at the moment. It's, it's kind of to conserve that a little bit for…

480
01:01:42.870 --> 01:01:45.939
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Until that moment comes, which I'm sure they will.

481
01:01:46.240 --> 01:01:47.209
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: They were coming.

482
01:01:48.250 --> 01:01:56.669
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: No, I think, I mean, you've got the argument, you know, but if you're able to select keep going, because new things can emerge at any moment.

483
01:01:56.780 --> 01:01:58.999
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Nothing to do that for them.

484
01:02:01.750 --> 01:02:08.159
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Could you go back to the CAIC? I think it was 8. 8, your explicit example of the interference.

485
01:02:08.830 --> 01:02:12.960
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Making the nice birds, dessert. That one.

486
01:02:13.070 --> 01:02:16.020
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Death one. Yeah, that one.

487
01:02:17.730 --> 01:02:22.639
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Oh, this is enough of a simulation plot. So, what I was going to say was that

488
01:02:22.730 --> 01:02:37.920
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: people do attempt to include interference specs, so are there specific things that you think we have missed by not including interference specs, or… No, no, I think that that is really the one that

489
01:02:38.120 --> 01:02:43.120
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That is the most dramatic. It's like New Physics 84, it's quite a while ago.

490
01:02:43.320 --> 01:02:47.770
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: In these final states, this is absent.

491
01:02:48.330 --> 01:02:57.970
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Even if you go to TT Bar H, for instance, absolutely there as well, so that…

492
01:02:59.220 --> 01:03:00.330
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It's kind of a…

493
01:03:01.240 --> 01:03:09.809
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: a funny feature, because it is model-dependent, so you have to run this through the inside, analysis chain. There are ways to, kind of.

494
01:03:10.120 --> 01:03:10.940
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So…

495
01:03:11.420 --> 01:03:24.839
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Well, we've been… one of the first things that I did after arriving in Manchester is set together with a bunch of Atlas people, and we tried to kind of… there's lots of proposals on the market, doing bump hunting, you fit the background when you move on exists, it's kind of…

496
01:03:25.240 --> 01:03:26.750
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It's not too difficult.

497
01:03:26.930 --> 01:03:34.340
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: If you do this with dates, it's slightly more delicate, because they need some aspects of models that kind of

498
01:03:35.410 --> 01:03:42.820
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: model that, but maybe in a fairly robust way, not too modularly dependent. And to some extent, you can do that.

499
01:03:43.910 --> 01:03:45.799
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And we did find a pay totals.

500
01:03:46.030 --> 01:03:50.970
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I should have mentioned it there, but… It's,

501
01:03:51.300 --> 01:03:54.050
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The title's big tip has shown me the way.

502
01:03:54.690 --> 01:03:56.560
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It's a bottle.

503
01:03:56.700 --> 01:04:02.169
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We're both on the… I didn't come up with that.

504
01:04:03.740 --> 01:04:04.899
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Help me find a link.

505
01:04:07.860 --> 01:04:24.109
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Okay, in terms of bump hunt, I would still find it, because you also always have a bump, not only getting set up, right? Yeah, this is where my limited understanding of statistics comes in, but in the good old days of CDF physics, when the CLS method was still in play.

506
01:04:24.320 --> 01:04:26.280
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You…

507
01:04:26.470 --> 01:04:36.540
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You did it through ratios of confidence levels, so essentially you would not really gain sensitivity there, because the consistency with the background on the hypothesis would be low already.

508
01:04:36.720 --> 01:04:39.609
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So perhaps with more asymptotically saved.

509
01:04:40.040 --> 01:04:44.789
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Largely as the people are using now, it's, this is a lot better.

510
01:04:45.020 --> 01:04:46.870
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But the…

511
01:04:48.030 --> 01:04:52.129
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Well, we had a look at that, I mean, I get a question, maybe we should have put it in, but…

512
01:04:52.370 --> 01:04:54.060
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Too late now? Oh.

513
01:04:54.270 --> 01:04:58.890
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The question that we really set out to ask is, if you see a dip.

514
01:04:59.030 --> 01:05:10.460
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Question is, what is the likelihood that it'll rise in the stream from a bump like that, rather than just… because a dip structure, there's just a statistical fluctuation, will it look differently, typically.

515
01:05:10.750 --> 01:05:16.259
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And the more independent link between CPE versus CPO is actually not that strong.

516
01:05:16.480 --> 01:05:28.309
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: when you think about it as a diagnostic of new physics, rather than reproducing the parameters of the, you know, measuring the couplings of these new exotic states. That's always model dependent, also in a bumplant.

517
01:05:28.440 --> 01:05:31.300
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: While it's diagnostic, I think it does work.

518
01:05:33.950 --> 01:05:42.759
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: This is a much more support than just the Z prime, which it obviously doesn't… it's not quite as dramatic as this, but we try and take this into account.

519
01:05:42.930 --> 01:05:46.919
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Yeah, there's some more FS training models with that in the test.

520
01:05:47.320 --> 01:05:53.440
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Yeah, that's just a funny thing, probably people have already solved this, and people just behind a paywall.

521
01:05:53.610 --> 01:05:59.169
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I'm not aware of that, but then it gives me another line of inspire. I mean, I think maybe the…

522
01:05:59.280 --> 01:06:10.229
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The point is what you were saying earlier, it's for each specific model, you can do some parameterization, which sort of takes into account, but if you want to be very, generic.

523
01:06:10.620 --> 01:06:22.000
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: it's… it's hard to write something down that keenly factorizes all the… all the terms that you can stick into your… I'm either a quasi-dividend method, depends on the order of concentration period you work in.

524
01:06:22.080 --> 01:06:36.300
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But this you could even write down, of course, analytical expression, so it… there are ways of doing that, but with a bumpert as well, if you see some excess, it can have different meanings in different models.

525
01:06:36.570 --> 01:06:40.670
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But the existence there. Kind of…

526
01:06:41.150 --> 01:06:46.550
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: literally turn this around and do the same for a infrastructure as well. Yeah, yeah.

527
01:06:47.020 --> 01:06:52.149
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I think this is a more generic one as well. If you look back to, sort of, run two,

528
01:06:52.730 --> 01:06:57.719
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: IDs, such as, and then reparameterize things out to,

529
01:06:58.410 --> 01:07:01.790
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: of the interimensions and Reynolds and graviton bubbles.

530
01:07:02.310 --> 01:07:13.369
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I failed to convince athletes that taking a point mask with detector resolution was the wrong thing, because then they neglect the network that makes resolution just depends.

531
01:07:13.480 --> 01:07:15.910
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So there'll be a whole swathe of,

532
01:07:16.300 --> 01:07:19.249
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Incept searches where the paper's just wrong.

533
01:07:19.630 --> 01:07:27.029
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And the limits are too optimistic, because you're not taking into the fact that your TV acts as a TV event.

534
01:07:27.340 --> 01:07:40.419
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Hopefully now they've finally gotten all the fact that it's really done physics, and they should have done some ways in physics. I'm saying that as a…

535
01:07:40.720 --> 01:07:44.089
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Someone who was working on that paper has failed to have been understood.

536
01:07:44.250 --> 01:07:45.090
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: the list.

537
01:07:45.340 --> 01:07:53.279
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But it's… it's not just these effects that are problematic and need to be done.

538
01:07:53.730 --> 01:07:54.790
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Canceling.

539
01:07:54.960 --> 01:08:02.659
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: a little bit like the Pentagon as well, discussions on how to train the pentague walk.

540
01:08:03.530 --> 01:08:07.589
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You need to look at the insight. You need to look at the,

541
01:08:07.900 --> 01:08:11.020
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The base diagram, I think the base is a function of residence.

542
01:08:11.690 --> 01:08:15.769
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Once you've got something, you can do the analysis, and you can read with us at Jam.

543
01:08:15.920 --> 01:08:24.419
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Right. If you choose a pump, there's a pump because you don't need a model. Look for a model.

544
01:08:24.710 --> 01:08:34.429
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But to get the interference right. It turns out that you also get away with almost murder by the supermodel that does most of the job.

545
01:08:34.680 --> 01:08:43.900
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: in order to look statistically reliable, at least for this amount of stuff we looked at. And that was… that was kind of surprising to me, but we support it slowly, right? Because

546
01:08:44.609 --> 01:08:48.810
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: if you… If we were to see this, You would…

547
01:08:49.160 --> 01:08:56.650
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you could actually quickly convince yourself that new physics is there, because what I'd appreciate if you could is encourage the impact the…

548
01:08:56.899 --> 01:09:13.549
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: with these parameters, you know, because some Germans have been shouting at you because you're using the wrong one, because they don't write. Then, of course, you need to get these aspects right, and, you know, there's a lot of calculations involved there as well, but we discover new physics, it's always harder to set limits and discover stuff when it's wrong.

549
01:09:13.990 --> 01:09:15.750
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Pharmacy system architecture.

550
01:09:16.359 --> 01:09:18.760
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Honestly understand.

551
01:09:19.640 --> 01:09:40.849
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Actually, just to follow up on that, I had the same problem with Atlas, the Z prime analysis. They were putting over a… they were refusing to believe us, refusing to do the paperless, and putting out very optimistic that there's not turning into captivity. Took me 18 months for that. I wasn't gonna put it on title, but I think if you just mentioned that. It took them 18 months to get them to pull the incorrect case on the result.

552
01:09:41.620 --> 01:09:42.779
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: It's very important.

553
01:09:42.939 --> 01:09:44.229
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Yes, yes.

554
01:09:46.200 --> 01:09:55.769
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And again, I didn't see this total flow of slides, but, you know, to my taste,

555
01:09:56.110 --> 01:10:07.110
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: what I think is the most helpful is to have results that stand the test of time, and that means assuming as little as possible and doing as little as possible of this work. So there's a sort of, you know, collaborations wish, of course, to

556
01:10:07.240 --> 01:10:16.399
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: make discoveries, and you can only make discoveries if you're comparing accurately to a model. On the other hand, you know, does that make for the most long-lasting

557
01:10:16.400 --> 01:10:35.469
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: statements about, you know, what fundamentally happened when some puzzles interacted. What's your taste on that? Because we're going to go into a whole phase now of sort of legacy making, right? I think that kind of highlights it, in a way, because, you can assume specific models, and these specific models will have different

558
01:10:35.470 --> 01:10:45.199
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: decoupling limits. But what… what really matters when… when you look at the GEV scale is the alignment of 125GB wasn't this animal expectations. That's one handle.

559
01:10:45.460 --> 01:10:47.030
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And then extra stuff.

560
01:10:47.130 --> 01:10:53.400
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: that goes on in, in the Higgs potential, which… It's a motivated sector.

561
01:10:53.910 --> 01:10:55.059
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: End of story.

562
01:10:55.330 --> 01:11:00.949
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: These two things, they will talk to each other in specific models, in specific ways.

563
01:11:01.250 --> 01:11:10.400
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But the phenomenological handle is relatively similar, so this is why we chose the 2HGM, because it covers these bases in a relatively minimalist

564
01:11:10.480 --> 01:11:22.719
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: way. You get Higgs mixing, so you get misalignment, you get modifications of the Higgs trilinear coupling, and you get, interactions of the Higgs problem within the exotic spectrum that might be happening.

565
01:11:23.060 --> 01:11:29.979
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And all of these things kind of galvanize into cross-section modification. So if you want these effects to do something positive for you.

566
01:11:30.380 --> 01:11:35.859
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Like, create more bargains and anti-bargains, or here, so we're not doing it, but create a list.

567
01:11:36.350 --> 01:11:41.439
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: A stronger first-order phase transition than the continuous crossover that we see in the Seminar model.

568
01:11:41.660 --> 01:11:48.130
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: And these patterns, of couplings and mass hierarchies, they were not directly tall.

569
01:11:48.330 --> 01:11:59.039
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: there's no one-to-one correspondence. If I had this… this strength of the face translation correlated with the cross station modification, it would be a little bit shot in the scheduling block, but…

570
01:11:59.670 --> 01:12:08.250
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: If you have… heavy physics, That is, but you are away from the alignment limit still.

571
01:12:08.400 --> 01:12:14.719
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you will see modifications through the derivative corrections, and you crossing minus 50. So I'm… after this, you saw some kind of

572
01:12:14.970 --> 01:12:16.820
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I'm kind of hopeful, because I…

573
01:12:17.300 --> 01:12:19.450
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I mean, I… I can't prove that.

574
01:12:19.720 --> 01:12:27.910
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: But all the reasonable phenomenological handles that you need to address these situations are reflected here, and the outcome is a positive outcome.

575
01:12:28.150 --> 01:12:34.990
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So, you can only be sure within the scenario that you're looking at, but then by critically evaluating what goes in

576
01:12:35.370 --> 01:12:36.160
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Noted.

577
01:12:36.700 --> 01:12:38.450
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Before the sausage machine.

578
01:12:38.920 --> 01:12:49.890
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: you can convince yourself that nothing weird is happening in the process. So, I think whatever scenario you might be looking at will have similar features.

579
01:12:50.080 --> 01:12:57.079
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: and will have similar phenomenological outcomes. What this then means in terms of mapping it onto a…

580
01:12:58.110 --> 01:13:07.830
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: parameter 124 in that particular language, to me, that's relevant. What matters is the cross-section. If it goes away from the expectation, if we can observe that, then we're based on it.

581
01:13:12.380 --> 01:13:20.730
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Okay, one question. You mentioned also on this slide, what would be the impact used,

582
01:13:20.860 --> 01:13:26.209
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: We… you said we ignored the CP violation in the medical sector?

583
01:13:26.380 --> 01:13:33.039
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: what if, if we find something better? Would be, would be…

584
01:13:34.180 --> 01:13:46.989
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: CP bond is starting simply difficult for Linacre, and his sector volume would be absolutely fantastic. For this calculation would be, bad news for the grad student who has to calculate it.

585
01:13:47.030 --> 01:14:07.009
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Because there are quite… quite a lot more moving parts, and I mean, by assuming CPE conservation, you… you… you do not have a lot of X mixing diagrams, which you need to calculate here for… at the moment, the CP odd state is allowed to mix with the CP even, so it becomes technically more, more challenging, but…

586
01:14:07.350 --> 01:14:12.990
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You really don't need an offer of additional CP evaluations. Typically, these effects are very small.

587
01:14:13.300 --> 01:14:15.270
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: So again.

588
01:14:15.380 --> 01:14:25.580
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: If we allow for CP violation to the level where we tick the box of the Sakura criteria, this, I give you my 95% confidence level at this block must level.

589
01:14:28.570 --> 01:14:29.799
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Anything on that?

590
01:14:29.980 --> 01:14:34.000
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Pardon me? Questions online? Yeah, I don't see online.

591
01:14:37.210 --> 01:14:38.020
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Yes.

592
01:14:39.140 --> 01:14:45.760
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: One last question. You used barrier in the first slide, as an example.

593
01:14:46.100 --> 01:14:50.419
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: To lay out your strategy, and what would we uncover.

594
01:14:52.510 --> 01:14:56.419
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: phenomena that, for example, that might cause something that… Yeah.

595
01:14:56.600 --> 01:14:59.240
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That is unresolved. Yeah.

596
01:15:01.360 --> 01:15:13.409
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You could do it with Leptogenes, it works exactly the same way. You could see stuff in the leptron sector then. Let's see what I have in the backup, if I can bring it, yeah.

597
01:15:18.110 --> 01:15:19.679
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The dark matter?

598
01:15:19.840 --> 01:15:22.509
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Similar, in a way, because…

599
01:15:22.800 --> 01:15:25.410
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: If you have something that helps us to,

600
01:15:25.740 --> 01:15:33.790
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: The sun and moon, like, something like this export scenario, there will be a new contributions of the business data.

601
01:15:34.200 --> 01:15:41.560
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: That… As part of the renormalization program, gives you a uniform coupling rescaling in the leaks photons.

602
01:15:42.050 --> 01:15:51.290
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: interaction with whatever matter, and measure that precisely, you can set indirect limits on this scalar, even if that only couples to the CAIC export this matter.

603
01:15:51.600 --> 01:15:58.320
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Then you have to worry about direct detection, which kind of kills this minimal scenario, because

604
01:15:58.880 --> 01:16:14.790
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: these data are very, very precise, to the level where the minimum scenarios do not really work. But there is still a way where people are looking into generalizations of user interactions, and thereby gain, perhaps, new thermological

605
01:16:16.890 --> 01:16:25.019
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: kind of test cases that we looked into at the end of the number that I looked at, so… You can do that, yeah.

606
01:16:25.750 --> 01:16:28.889
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: I got this, yes. Thank you very much.

607
01:16:29.410 --> 01:16:34.430
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Don't see any questions. I had questions, so we can go to lunch.

608
01:16:34.590 --> 01:16:36.079
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: You're welcome to join.

609
01:16:36.300 --> 01:16:38.990
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Thank you very much for coming.

610
01:16:46.380 --> 01:16:51.240
STFC-RAL-CR03  R61: Good to see you again. Good to see you.