STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, I believe we will start now. Thank you very much for coming. Let me introduce our speaker today, Christoph Engel.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So he studied physics at the University of Karlsruhe and at ETH Sturich.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then obtained his PhD from Carthru in 2010, working at the Institute of Theoretical Physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then, held post-doctoral physicians at Institute of Theoretical Physics at University of Heidelberg.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and at the Institute of Particle Physics Phenomenology at Durham University.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In July 2013, he joined the theoretical particle physics group at the University of Glasgow, where he has been a professor
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: theoretical physics, and later theoretical theory group. In October 2025, he joined the high-energy Physics Group at University of Manchester, and he has also worked with people
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: from Wide Eyed Edition on a children's book that was, on destination space, which was published in September.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 2016. Wow, he's got all the information there. Yes, and today he will present his view on what lies ahead beyond the standard model.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That sets me up for daily things. No, it's great to be back here. I think when I look through my CV, as you have to do when you apply somewhere else.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as I did from last year in Manchester, I saw that, actually, one of the first seminars I gave in the UK after running in 2011,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: was really at RAL, sort of the heydays of these discovery, and as you can see on the one-trick phone, I still… we've got pretty much the same stuff.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I want to talk about, beyond the standard model of physics, and specifically how that would link to the weak-scale and weak-scale observations.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, why is that? Because…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think it's fair to say that, at least numerically speaking, we have no idea why the TEV scale shows up in nature exactly the way it does.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What we now understand, post-2012 experiment discovery is that there's Qualitatively, little other choice.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: For that to happen in exactly the way it does, whereas the mask parameters and stuff, that's… that's important.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Full discussion.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: further investigation. But this is my kind of desperate attempt to condense all of our contemporary understanding of particle physics into one simple diagram.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Kind of links all these different concepts that we learn about maybe as undergrad students, but they really feed into each other and determine the physics that we see at very, very high energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's not specific to the TD scale, so if you like the work being done in neutrino physics, you're very much hitting these constants as well. So on the one-hand side, we deploy this methodology of quantum field theory. It's a very old kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: unfolding.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In the physics understanding.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It isn't much, so it was developed in the 50s by… Is Doug and others, Jordan.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But through the years, we understood that there are certain things that we can't make, so we have to distinguish internal symmetries from external symmetries, and symmetries really are the name of the game here. So external symmetries really means that we can label particles with that same.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And internal symmetries, flavor symmetries that we can link Oops.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: found some strangers in the early days of, pre-QCD.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But also gauge symmetries like electrodynamics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, so, on the one-hand side, we have, then, massless vectors, so you can introduce vector particles as we do. Maximus equations then do that. But to keep the massless, in a theoretically controlled way, we have to avoid these cases in the reason that's really no other way of things.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: At the same time, For fermions, whether they're mass or low.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We can map these hierarchies onto an approximate symmetries as we observe them, so if permanents are light, there's some high scale.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they will remain, like, all the way to the OCRs, and this is one of the reasons why flavor model building, especially in the lepton sector, is very, very tricky once you want to make concrete GV scale predictions that are within reach of the experimental observations that,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Why?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And last but not least, so this was really the status until 2012, or maybe the 60s. He believed in the theoretical literature.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Apputex, Francois, Lein proud.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And others, I should say. But really, the way of introducing massive vector Bonsai UA1 and UA2. The only way to do this consistently in a quantum field theory picture is by means of this infamous Higgs mechanism.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which then introduces additional scalars that we have discovered, or at least one particularly simple version of that we have discovered.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so far, so good.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are many ways of how we can implement a picture like that, and typically, if we put, like, take a random theory off the shelf, it will not reproduce the sum unless we observe it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, a standard model within that context, which is very, very broad, it is extremely restrictive, and it's so… and is so really almost by accident.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So a few things that seem to be very, very puzzling is that bar and number conservation is really built into this framework within the context of the sound number as an accidental symmetry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: CPU violation is very, very small.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then, of course, it's troublesome if we like more variants than antivirus in the universe, and I think we all do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are more theoretically founded questions, for instance, why is the WZ mastery exactly the way it does, and why does it link?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to the ratio of charge versus neutral current interactions, exactly the way we do it, the way we see it. There's an additional symmetry, which is exactly the… but there's also a lot more trouble in theory, man, which
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Probably fair to say, that has been bugging all of us for…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the past 14 years or so, but no good progress has been made there, so there's a strong CFP problem, there's fixed naturalness, which just tells you when you write down
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the defining principle for them, not to really write it down in terms of the Lagwangian. You would naively expect different terms to be there, or other terms to be very, very sizable, but somehow they turn to be… turn out to be very, very small, and even…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What's even more puzzling is that this small number is actually a cancellation between two 93 large numbers, and unless you have symmetry that tells you that there's an exact cancellation, it's not natural to expect these terms to be absent. So, for instance, a small neutron
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Of course, the likeness of the Higgs mask compared to whatever cut-offs that we might see in action.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And on top of all of this, we know…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Or we… we don't really have a different contender in,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In our toolbox as such, that we know that the universe has undergone a really kind of classical evolution relatively early on.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in the universe that is linked to modified gravity. Of course, gravity does not feature in this picture whatsoever.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So a lot more open questions than answers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But what particle physics really does, it… It tries to…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Patch things together by looking at
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what the experiments, i.e. You, what you're giving us.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And somehow the standard model is kind of…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: almost too good to be true, so it's unexpectedly accurate. And I took by no other reason more than luck, because I saw this picture by artists first.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is a whole collection of them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Of, cross-sections times branching ratio of observations normalized to the standard model expectation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, you can see that this kind of gives you a nice high squared, so if… Yes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I was never good in lab work, and usually I had to kind of fudge the chi-square to make it through by the skin of my teeth. And I would have been very pleased with such an outcome, okay? So it's, looks very good for the sample.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But, that being said.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it, it only gives very, very limited insights into, into what the exports and interactions are. So…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The nature of the TEV scale is very closely linked to the properties of the… if they're more than 3 weeks old, then all of these things kind of get modified, of course.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But with these kind of… all this… this plethora of numbers, they link essentially to these two classes of each interactions. So the interactions of a single Higgs boson with the massive gauge bosons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the interactions with the X photon with massive fermies, and of course, you can pop these in the loop, and then you get interactions with massive stage photons, for instance, gluon fusion, which is the dominant production perception for the exploding at the LHC.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there's a partial insight.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Into how these things behave at quantum level as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… Taking that at heart, looking at all
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the theoretical shortcomings that we live with, what are the possibilities? And I…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: put a disclaimer here, and what I want to talk today about is mainly to rescale phenomenology.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which is, of course, not representative of all the work that you are doing here. Of course, there's a lot more development in, in neutrino business as well, but also in,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In the landscape of cosmology.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Perhaps if there's comment if you want to say a few words about that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, interrupt me at any point in time if you have questions, you know, don't hold back.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I am here to please.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, without further ado, what…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: can these six couplings that we've measured, what can they tell us, and how can we make progress in it a little bit? So…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We've seen that perturbativity has been a huge success story, so the whole picture that I showed you, Lincoln, gauge, and X sectors with spontaneous broken symmetries, etc, that's a huge success story, and it's been a success story for 40, 50 years.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, essentially, by assuming the standard model was only by looking at, say, poor data from level 1, gathered, really, a relatively tight window where the exposant should sit. I think it was… in that fit, it was around 130, 140 GUD.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: A lot of you might not remember that Rubin flop, that the Higgs one was found at 125 GA. Could have almost guessed this from radiated imprints, and it said, so just looking at this historic example, and fast-forwarding to, 2026,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There is no reason not to trust in this framework once more.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And instead of asking the question now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what triggers electronic symmetry breaking, and how do we model it? Maybe we can pick up a different problem off the shelf that is not a good standard model itself, and try to make progress with that. Also, will it be towards what might come beyond the high luminosity at XC phase. And of course, then there are many options.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, writing down… New physics models is a sport that a lot of people indulge in.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But perhaps we can kind of… Focus around
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: some well-defined questions and well-defined requirements in nature, then try to draw relatively broad conclusions as to what might be useful to look for in the present and future collides, or where these things might be hiding.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Right. So, and one thing that I want to focus here today on is bogenesis. So, we know that there are more vines
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In the universe in antivirus, we know that this can't be necessarily an accidental generation during the early period of the development of the universe. This would be, again, yet another fine-tuned problem. We have plenty of those. There's no merit, I think, in accepting
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: small cancellations.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Go from there. But if you want to explain this in a dynamical way, Sakura wrote down.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this account, we've done three relatively broadly defined criteria that we need to tick off.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In order to get more violence and antibiotics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's fun.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Of, of the evolution of the universe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And those three are, if we want more barriers and antibarians, it's quite natural that we want barrier number violation. So I said earlier that baryon number point selection is actually an accidental symmetry in some numbers, or something else needs to happen.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, but that's a perturbative statement. There are actually non-perturbative configurations that trigger, barrier number politization. Those are the so-called salerons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: very qualitatively on the next slide, explain how those come about. So, principle, the standard model can deliver that, so it's a… it's a tick mark with, with some disclaimer attached.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's C violation, of course, we see that. In the weekly collection, there's CP violation. In the standard model, there's only one single source of CP violation, if you neglect it in treatment sector, I should say that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which is the phase of the CKM matrix, and of course we did a similar phase in the PMNS matrix as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But these are too small to, to account for the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Practicing random numerics, we'll see that actually the standard mode does not really produce enough CP violation for the Sakarov criteria to be numerically satisfied. What could take a few minutes? Yes, doesn't run sufficiently.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And on top of all of these things, if something is slightly more opaque, you need a department… a departure from
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: from equilibrium, which means that you cannot reverse the process, essentially, of creative buying. So, if, if you don't…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, in a way, it's like opening a fizzy water bottle. You can't get the gas back in. So you've got a phase transition that happens there, so if you can reverse that, then…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the universe would turn any variant of symmetry back into a symmetry. So, and we'll see in the second, hopefully, what this means in more concrete terms.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If we want to marry biogenesis together with the electromagnet scale.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then, that's another possibility to make a little bit of progress. And the way this works here is by kind of tapping into this, infamous Svalaron process that converts
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: chirality, so an overabundance of left chiral fields compared to right chiral fields, or right chiral fields compared to left chiral fields into barrier numbers. Essentially.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a field configuration that changes barrier number to number in very specific ways. You can think of it a little bit like,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like alpha decay, where you have to tunnel from, you know, your central potential to the outside, that's possibly, that's possible quantum mechanically. But those two different backlink configurations correspond to different numbers involving the electron number.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's one way of thinking about it. And if the temperature's high enough.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then… or enough energy is, is available, then the spyloon will just be very, very active, and that decay into different vacuum, different bio and leptin numbers will be unsuppressed, so this is one of the ways of looking at it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this happens with, sort of, crucial ratios, as we always like to express things in theoretical physics. So, the vacuum expectation measure of the heat spilled at a given temperature and the possible evolution. It's the span of an energy. So that would be how quickly that process decays away. So, if…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The temperature is high enough.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And… That V is relatively small, then essentially this guy will be completely unsuppressed, so it works.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So how electric biogenesis then works in practice is you… the departure
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: From equilibrium, you introduce via first-order phase transition. First-order phase transition creates bubbles.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And those bubbles will expand in the universe. And what creates the pledge from equilibrium is the bubble wall.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that really tells you that something in front of the bubble will behave very, very different compared to the inside of the bubble.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there's something that you can't reverse. If the bubble expands, you can never reverse that process. You can't unbobble the universe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then a lot of magic happens on… on the bottom wall. So in addition to CP violation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you add CPU violation to this picture, that's what I mean. So, in front of the, in front of the wall, you have a symmetric face between left and right.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, left under… Experiments coupled exactly like right-handed.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fermions in the purpose of this picture, yeah? At high enough temperature, that's the case, the symmetric base. But if you have CP violation in,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in the interactions with the bubble wall, it will create an overabundance of one chirality to the other. And what this phylum will do is it will unsuppress, turn this, chiral excess into a barrel number.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the barrier number will accumulate in front of that wall, and as the wall sweeps over that barrier number, it will pull that barrier number into the broken face, where now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that siloing process is heavy to press, so if B, that's that expectation value, if that's zero, then essentially you're freezing the volume number on that side.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So essentially, it's a kind of a three-step process. You generate a chiral overabundance.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: transfer that in a salon, buy a salaron to barrier number, then you freeze the barrier number in… in a,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In the spontaneously document.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's relatively well understood how to do that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, now, how do we kind of contextualize that with the wheat scale?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, electrobirogenesis does, so we need a strong first-order phase transition to trigger all this part of nucleation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And one way of doing this, without
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: changing too much of the stuff that we've seen and liked so far in LXC data, is by modifying the hexate data itself, because we have a relatively limited insight
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: into how the Higgs that it works is not how the gauge poisons and the ferms interact with it, but not so much how the Higgs interacts with itself, or an extended spectrum in the scalar second.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What that gives you, phenomenologically is perhaps a set of additional exotic states, Hiving in its interactions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But it also gives you some mixing paths in the scBA sector. And all of these things are phenomenological.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Kind of hallmarks of how you can get sensitivity around your experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And they are, of course, very, very important to, future collider projections as well, beyond the Holinas galaxy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: CP violation I don't want to talk about, because I actually don't need an awful lot of CP violation to take that off.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But there are certain temps now in the market to, to… to do this even better in the second than before. So, the absence of new physics, as we show these ways to do things better.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And by looking at concrete theories, so concrete theories meaning that we are…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: doing stuff. We normalize a lot of field theories, but this kind of fox that I showed you, it's particularly well-behaved and theoretically robust.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We can make very, very robust predictions on the basis of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Having extra states, having a little bit of fixed mixing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And all of this kind of feeding into our regions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… How does this work now?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you look at the Higgs potential, a large enough temperature, it's symmetric, so you essentially have a wide-shaped potential, and if you crank up the temperature, essentially that that little,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the bottom gets smoothed out, and you… you're back, you know, symmetric potential.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I said, field values equal to zero.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But once you lower the temperature, a second minimum, non-trivial minimum, can develop, and then at some point, you can tunnel through
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This will come, and that's exactly… exactly what triggers, potentially a first-order phase transition. I understand that that's not the case, at least not for the masks that we observe. There is much more of a smooth crossover.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it looks like a continuous phase transition, rather than something that creates holes. One of the issues where the standard model cannot explain biogenesis.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And on the previous slide, I showed you a couple of, you know, hand-wavy equations to just make this a little bit more concrete. The way how you measure the strength of the phase transition in order to get very strong first order, you want.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the vacuum expectation value at the critical temperature when the second minimum develops. We want that to be large compared to, the,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The temperature.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at exactly where that phase transition happens. That just sets the boundary conditions right for that spinal group process to do exactly what it wants to do, or what it should be.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can use different measures here, not the critical temperature percolation, or at least bother to percolate, but none of this matters, really, for what I want to show you next.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it's really the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it had a question, how can we create this? And it's a lesson in statistical physics, so this is really what we teach people in second year. In order to change the thermodynamics of the system, you really need to change those line degrees of freedom. If you have something very, very heavy, it just sits there in the plasma and does nothing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So in order to change, really, the dynamics in that platform, you need to change the low-lying, mass degrees of freedom. There's some…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Caveats that the people, including myself, have been looking into non-perturbative effects that can change the world dramatically.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: People have been looking at this in,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: calculations as well, so this is still a very accurate area of research, but if we buy into that picture.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What does the NHC so far tell us?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And… Well, it tells us that whatever
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: kind of fixed volume 125 GE boson levels up, which is strongly aligned with the standard model expectation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But if we want something strong for a sort of phase transition that this animal just can't deliver.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These new states need to be like, or we need to modify, in a way, the lowest line states that we observed, that is, the explosion itself.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, the first question we can ask ourselves is, where are these exotic studies? For instance, let's assume a two-week startled model kind of ticks all the boxes, we can run these codes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Plenty of codes out there, for instance, personal transitions or BSMPT, so you can download this instance, play with it, you know, JatGPT does all the tricks for you, really, it's just that good now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So where are the states to accept the model?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, there is a funny interference effect, which is purely accidental in the Sama model, between exotic
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: neutral Z photons, and QCD background configurations. What I mean?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is… is that. So when we look for new particles at the NXC, for instance, the outlook, you would look for, say, a CP odd scalar with 500 GAV, that gives you this nice, bright Wheatner peak. This is what we expect. It's exactly what you get when you calculate a finite diagram like that. Top blue, you… you get the Higgs, and then it decays into tops again.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, typically.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These extra states, especially in the two-week standard model, they will be gauge-phobic and thermophilic, because by rotating the gallstones into a direction where they get absorbed by the W gallonces.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the language we use is, sometimes in depression. Whatever is left as orthogonal combinations, they will no longer couple to the gauge body, but they will couple to the Furman. So top field in physics is typically what we expect in these scenarios.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, this is a… it's a very well-motivated search.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But making a distinction between
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: signal topologies and background topologies is something that we're actually not allowed to do in quantum field theory.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And typically, you can get away with it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But in this instance, you don't.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because you have this background contribution, just the leading on the diagram, knows nothing about spontaneous symbiotic, this is old school, QC, very straightforward.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But if you do the color decomposition of these interactions, you also see that the TT bar system can be in a color sync configuration.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which, this is also the case here, the excess color charge, it will be named to TT bar, they're fully color correlated. So they can interfere, and they will interfere, and they typically interfere very destructively. So, that entire
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: not repeat that we expect, kind of gets sculpted into whatever you like. So it can get dips, you can get flat out,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Distributions. And that, of course, heavily decreases the sensitivity.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because I've searches. Of course, both APIS and CMS are well aware of these facts, and they're included. It's very difficult to include them in non-specific model ways.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: People are working on this, but the take-home story is that if that interference is large, systematics can be bigger than we naively expect from normal bumpers, and you might as well
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In the current, current phase of the LHC miss these days.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, if we take that to each subway model, type 1, for what it's worth, you enter current signal coupling effects, flavor constraints, and you look for exactly these interference effects, what you find is that. So, you typically find a large negative interference.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Noted here is the leading order cross-section of the signal, plus the interference part.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Divided by the leading moral expectation. So, that's kind of a… The way of… no, sorry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That tells you how much this…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's a kind of a dimensionless number, how much this nice resonance peak gets.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: deformed into something that we don't. So if that's largely negative, we are in trouble, or direct searches are in trouble.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, it seems like… But there is quite a bit of parameter space in these old school models.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That, is… Difficulties through the current stage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there's a fair chance that we might miss this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, what I'm trying to do now is kind of create a little bit of a negative story, in a way, sort of a nightmare scenario.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But, there will be a… there will be a good outcome. That's my personal version of the telenovela in high energy physics, so bear with me.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now we can ask, we are missing these direct signals at the exit.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Can we see something in correlated Higgs coupling modifications? Because we have… we have misaligned the Higgs poison from Sandler model expectation tens of slightly, but of course, data will come in, and we'll measure Higgs couplings more and more precisely as time passes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the answer is unfortunately not. So, what we see here in these lines, the 68-95% confidence level, it's coupling
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Modification projections are written in the, in the parameters of the 2HGN, they all matter.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And these points here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They are successful points where the baseline security storms or split the units.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: exactly this parameter that tells us how strong the first order phase transition is. We want that to be large, so it should be yellowish, and hopefully they should be outside these constraints, and if they're outside these constraints, we would see some
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Sensitivity at,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at the LHC, and the plethora of these points actually sits within these constraints, so even the… the large data set of the high luminosity LHC might miss these coupling modifications. All the while.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: New physics sits right there, hiding right in front of our eyes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Following up from that, current…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sort of roadmap towards future colitis would entail a position E plus E minus machine that starts off with a position Z4 measurement, so essentially slap 1 and steroids. Much more detailed, much more precise.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And essentially, what you want to do, or what you can do, and people have done this, is let one, some extended lead 2 as well. You measure these vacuum polarizations of massive gauge photons, so X and Y can be resets in the W's. When you include muon decay, for instance, you can really measure that in the W sector as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then you can ask, how does this kind of modified, these kinds of topologies, how would they modify?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Physics measurements away From the sum of all expectation, and that can be…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: galvanized into two different quantities, it's the S and T parameters of things, testing definition parameters, or leak corrections.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Doesn't matter what they are, but typically you get these ellipses.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can see that a lot of these points are sitting in the ellipse of the terrorism program, so we crank up.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Z4 measurements, you measure that very, very precisely. Yet still, a lot of these two HD endpoints sit within that ellipse, and the Z4 program will not tell you that exist is there. So, we come from the LXC, don't see any exotics, we don't see anything in the positioning program at the LXC.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we don't see anything as a cyclical, so that's all terrible news. But new physics is still there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One of the requirements here was that we go away from the Seminar model, first loaded work, the zero sort of second-order phase transition, continuous crossover.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, how can that hike?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In front of our eyes, and the answer is it can't.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because I have assumed a new business there, in some way or another, it will show up, and it will show up at the dedicated FICS run at this FCCEE proposal.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: envisioned. So, that runs at around 240 GV plus or minus, which is round about where the maximum of the associated fixed production cross-section sits. And that props a lot more stuff.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: than just how the Z boton travels through space and time. In particular, it measures all of these sorts of things, how the Z boton couples to those.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that receives corrections also from all the extended fixes, okay, that's sit there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this is exactly what triggers the first order phase transition in that particular scenario, and that will drive the cross-section away from the Summer Wanda expectation. So what's shown here is yellow, sorry, green. Greenish is the sensitivity expectation of,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Offer that associated production perception.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: At 240 GMBs, probably about 0.3%.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for, HSET collisions?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's this horizontal line, and all these kinds of points here that are… that are grayed out, those are the ones that are not
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Those are just generic scans, and the solid ones are those that are consistent with the STU program.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Of the previous month. And so those toys tell you that we don't see anything.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: up until and including the set pull program at FCCE. But here now, we see that when you include the radiated corrections that sort of happen in these topologies, the cross-section expectation over the standard volume is actually going above that sensitivity.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: expectations. The velocity on the y-axis is the cross-section divided by the standard of expectation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can see that all these points are popping out. So by measuring…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the associated fixed production at, FCCED and measuring that very, very precisely, you would actually see the indirect effects of these new states.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that secretly, in the early universe, create more variants, antivirus. So, the message really is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whatever new physics is there, and it's talking to the TE scale, this will not hide.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at FCCE, so that's quite, I think, a strong outcome, and a main motivation for
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We're pushing forward with this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: All the time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: deviations in… in the precision program at the LHC can still show up, okay? So it doesn't mean that it's all doom and gloom until
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 20, 30, 40, 60, or whatever. These machines might come online, if they come online at all.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So all the while, we might actually see something new.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And… So there's no reason… I deliberately painted a relatively pessimistic picture, yet with a positive outcome.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But let's focus on something that is perhaps a little bit more revealing in the… in the near term.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whilst this is good, one can be a little bit dismissive about, the public, so it only tells you how it hits both, two-way photons, and it only does so within a certain level of uncertainty.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, so perhaps… that uncertainty… is…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is still too large. I mean, you're looking at that smaller 2.1, but 5 years is not much in AIC land, so they might have gone down by a little bit. But still, kind of, percent-level couplings might still be possible, and if that's the case, then actually we're back in business big time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because… B.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when I showed you that initial picture where you have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: container symmetry broken, the Higgs mechanism. The Higgs boson of 15-25GV Higgs boson does a very, very dedicated job. It keeps scattering amplitudes within reason.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which means that their growth to high energies is not…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: enhance, and it promptly enhance, because your entirety tells us that we can't get more out than we put in. And the Higgs boson plays exactly this role, and it's one of the reasons why the AIC really was a phenomenological, no-loose experiment, because you had to discover the Higgs boson, or you would see something completely different, like Technical.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the whole idea that nature needs to be unitary really talks, really constrains the Higgs couplings, fight
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: quite precisely, and then you can change things in terms of the mix, and we'll talk about this in a second. But if we see a significant deviation, whatever's so… whatever's small from, say, the X W's.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That old problem reappears.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you, again, have a no-use theorem that tells you where to look next.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then, of course, that can feature as well. But it can also kind of tell you, perhaps, you're missing resonance in multi-boson finances, which are difficult to, to discern experimentally, so you get distributions, and sometimes these bits might actually absorb some of these new physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… Any coupling modification, that includes the fermian sector as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That just tells you that, unitarity violation is back on the scene.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that tells you directly an energy scale where you should find something. And it's exactly what the standard model predicts the stuff that we were talking about.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then you can ask on the basis of,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: interactions at the probe is in…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: put these facets of the Higgs photon sector in the best possible way, important fusion really is the way of going about it, which probably best collateral concept prepares them if we see an outcome at the high luminosity galaxy that really reveals the percent level variation of the Higgs coupling to gauge photons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One way of looking at this is a relatively old way of looking at it. It starts with Weinberg in some groups in the 60s.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, you can… calculate the designing rounds.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the longitudinal polarizations of the Ws, they scale at very large energies, like the energy themselves. So, naively, this final diagram with amplitude level grows with the fourth power.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of the center of mass energy. And of course, at some level, you'll start to violate the immutality, I believe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You have also these diagrams.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They come in, they're related to these interactions to engage symmetry. They give you a relation between these couplings when we write them down as kind of more abstract, quantities.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They give you some rule like that that tells you that If you…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: have this relation between the quartic interactions and the Stridlinia interactions that looks like this, at the level of these thought-subject couplings, then there's no growth in energy to reach the power 4.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, that coupling relation seems rather opaque. We have only one state boson, it's directly in consequence of gauge symmetry, so this is how
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This picture of gauge symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking kind of feeds together and creates a theory that is well-behaved in the DPV. It's exactly what quantity field theory requires you to do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, what is the goal of the hits? Now you have kind of removed the e to the power of 4th row, you still have e to the power of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: two blocks, and this is really what's done by the Higgs boson itself, the second subgroup.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it looks like that, which includes the masses.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And those really are relations that are protected by gauge symmetry and symmetry breaking. So now you can ask the question, if we see a deviation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In the Higgs sector, maybe you have more than a single Higgs boson, maybe you have more than a single Z poson, for instance, in technical theory, you can feed that back.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Into the sum rules.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: from that, you can then guess the mass scale at which these new particles should show up in order for these sum rules to be fulfilled. So it gives you
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: A recipe to describe the phenomenology only determined by the entirety, asymmetry, and convergence of these unknown rules.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which is a… a model-independent, but not EFT approach, to looking for new physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The two major…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We've bought some fusion machines that are on the market, of course, HCC, HH, and immune polygon, very different concepts.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Very busy plot.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Verifying of the future.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the upshot is, actually, both
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: both colliding concepts. Within the limits of how we can kind of understand them now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They give you a similar sensibility.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it's… it's not a question of, which should you prefer, or where do you put your ex in, which password do you put your ex in.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It really… both will perform from that perspective at equal levels.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… If we see a deviation in the SKH model sector, that kind of levels the playing field.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: forward.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: At least along the theoretical axis, and then you can focus on what is the better concept to develop.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Accelerator-wise, but also politically, and I have the expertise in either, so I'm not going to attempt that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's really a very busy plot, but you… that's the take-home story. The lines for discovery are pretty much the same everywhere. People take a few hundred GAVs, so there's not really much in it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The last thing I want to focus on is, the third…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the third point that I brought up initially. So…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at least I mentioned that the sandwall is extremely restrictive, and we saw aspects of this appearing in some rules, but also before that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So perhaps the correlations that we are expecting by defining everything around Sun and Moon sensitivity are too restrictive to find new physics. So it might be hiding in a place we are simply not bothering to look at, because we're not expecting it to be there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So starting again with that Clympics top link.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Of course, that's not the only coupling that we have in the Higgs sector with gauge bosons. There's this guy as well, where you have, two Higgs bosons over to two gauge bosons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can ask the question, why?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Why don't we have 3, or 4, or 5, like that? So we can play that game forever.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But it started to become really non-trivial, because this guy is actually for women, and it's summer.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you calm right back down.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which, when something doesn't happen, or something is excluded, then it might actually be a good idea to look for it. That's what we do in… with barrier, barrier number violation, right? That's what tells us it has to be exactly zero.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, looking forward is a worthwhile exercise to shoot a hole in it. Here, it's much, much more complicated, okay? But to some degree.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: people in autism CMS.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Those amongst you are working on this are already doing this, and…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think it's probably fair to say it kind of started as an accident, but it's… I'll show you it's a lucky accident.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because it carries a lot of information, so it… what people like to do is they template these Feynman diagrams in terms of the couplings, and it's always difficult.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because by changing one topology, you're changing a lot, and typically then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: theorists shout Agent variants and stuff, and everybody gets worried, so let's not do that. But…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are… there are tools or approaches on the market where this actually does make sense, and then you can ask the question.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What is the driving force behind this? So, long story short, Atlas and CMS are already modifying these, these couplings independently from those, and independently from those. In the second one, these couplings, they are not
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They're not independent. Essentially, you get the single Nix vertex by taking the,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The quartic one, and setting the hex line, one of the hex lines to the vacuum expectation value.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if you start burying them independently.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then you make a mistake, and the theory will not be happy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: A different way of saying this is you can't change one term in the covariant derivative independent from the other.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's just not faceted. They arise from one single term.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That being said.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: QCD doesn't bother about any of this, so you can look into the related corrections to these kinds of quantities when we're just talking about quantum thrownodynamics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can see that's where the student online desktop before I left.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You can see that the next big one is scale uncertain. It's really, really small, so this is a very, very routine process in discerning multi-exposure interactions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Albeit the wheat boson fusion cross-section sits somewhere in between the most common. So, root fusion is larger, and CC-bar HH is a little smaller.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, the limits are… are like that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we see that to be very, very sensitive, so scaling this away from the standard model expectation value really triggers quite a cross-section deviation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Why is that the case? Because it's, again, a story of humanity.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you can write down the WH amplitude, look at longitudinal polarizations, and you examine the high energy limit.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you see that this actually traces these relations power to be minus kappa V squared. So if I change the Higgs sector now, by introducing some Higgs mixing in the simplest possible way, I can misalign a single Higgs coupling a little bit from the standard mode of expectation with one single
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with one single angle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And as an immediate check that we normalize in theory, it kind of producing good high-energy behavior, so if you have…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Kappa V as cosine alpha in these single mixing scenarios. Kappa 2B will be cosine squared, alpha, you plug this in, you see high energy divide as 3.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's exactly what we normalize theories will tell you.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Something that you might have heard in your quantum field theory class, but have immediately forgotten about, is that these longitudinal gauge poisons had very, very large energies that behave
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like, like all zombie hunts. So, that's, again, the magic of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: renormalizability, I shouldn't say matches, but it really is a global thing, how it works out.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They behave like derivatively coupled scalars, and that removes all the problems that you would find in these effective areas. So, that amplitude, although
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It pretends to be an amplitude that couples the gauge boson sector to the Higgs boson. It really is a scattering amplitude that is specific to the Higgs sector itself.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, and that tells you something, then, about how
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That space of fixed horizons kind of interacts.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And one thing that we always teach our students, starting from year one, is that physics must not depend on the coordinate choices that you do. That's, of course, if I…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: write down eigen atoms and spheric coordinates, or Cartesian coordinates, the physics are still the same.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The same is true for the Lagunogen. I can write down a different Lagunogen that I can obtain from my original standard model going through a field definition, but still give you the same… same physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And a theory that kind of tells us
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What puts this really up front is general relativity, where all physics around us is essentially determined by how space is curved.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's also true to some extent, for quantum field theory. So if we understand the scalar fields as coordinates in some more abstract space, these amplitudes and these amplitudes, these in factories, they correspond to sectional curvatures.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in the manifold, which is not space-time, but it is a manifold of the H bosons, of the Bonsai bosons and the X bosons themselves.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that gives us a nice way of looking at this in a slightly more abstract way, but in a much more powerful way.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So for instance, for,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: For compact groups, where I define my electrical symmetric manifold as a sort of sphere in five dimensions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm gonna be very abstract. Then I get these relations.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Composite fixed theories are very, very difficult theories. Some of you might… might come across them, but writing this down in terms of this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Geometric interpretation is very straightforward, it's just really writing down the metric on a sphere and then translating this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In a two-liner, really. Ask ChatGPT to do this, it's amazing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you get these coupling relations. So that's perhaps a little bit highbrow, but it has phenomenological
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: consequences. Namely, if I observe that a single starting modification for sine alpha, I can always map it onto this gram side, which measures sum of aspects of this curve. So I can always do this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But then the question is, do I have an additional Higgs singlet that mixes with this animal, or do I deal with a strongly interacting theory? There might be other stuff going around, but in case that doesn't happen, how do I discern
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Or how to discriminate between these two.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These two possibilities, and you need double leaks production for that, because you will not be able to, kind of.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: reproduce this formula by identifying cosine alpha with kappa being sine. So if you practice in, the only parameter choice for which would work would be alpha equals 0.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that would be the standard one, which is obviously not what we observed, of course, and alpha is not equal. So, there is merit in, in this analysis.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can kind of spin this very, very far, actually. So by decoupling.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this quartic interaction from a single mix interaction, you can really almost landscape,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the electric sector, and how electric configuration comes about. So, in this category, happened to be safe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You can set constraints at the high luminosity that you see, you can…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We did this… my student did this for a bunch of other politicians, for instance, CAIC, which was still…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You know, discussed back in the day.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, it's different now, of course, but, you know, the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is the limit where we expected high luminosity. We've seen, of course, we don't expect that if we get something else bigger.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the closer you zero in.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: onto the sum of the case where kappa B is equal to 1 and kappa 2B is equal to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to one. You can really kind of discern
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what new physics will be, just by that single measurement. So, for instance, if you have triplet states, 6 triplets, they live up here, they enhance kappa 2V, they decrease kappa-V,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: A singlet scenario, the cosine alpha business that I talked about, tracks this one single line. Composite fixed models will sit on a line like that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You have hyperbolic, composites models that kind of extend that line up in the air, so you can deform the sphere into a high…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Hyperboloid, is that the word, yeah? That will give you exactly that correlation. And down here, theories that predict a larger capability.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And smaller kappa-2 million, see, those are super duper exotic, so that's typically something that mixes a teletonic state, so something that arises from spontaneously breaking off.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Scaling variants together with it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's a super-duper exotic, yeah, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I leave it to you whether you like it, the universe like that. I said, you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That measurement would tell us progress.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the way that you can decouple kappa 2B from kappa B is actually
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: very well theory to be rooted in a different way of writing down theories, or fixed-effective theory, which has a lot of interesting technical advantages, rather than talk about this. But of course, you can exploit these technical advantages to also get inular sensitivity at precision crossing lines machines moving forward.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Intermediate.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: projects in… Arguably in a very, very long timeline.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, that's my summary. We don't have to… we have not seen new physics so far.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the NHC, as I show you, has a lot of room left for sensitivity.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there are clear BSM opportunities at the higher levels of the Atlantic Sea and beyond.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then, I mean.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It would have been nice to discover something new, but we didn't have that serendipitous moment so far.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But I think analysis approaches and understanding how data kind of informs theory, and how theory can evolve, at the level of how we are informed by the data from… from the… from all experiments, really, not just the AIC that has kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: left us in a really, really robust shape for whatever comes next, and there are lots of modeling techniques on the market that are being developed immediately, sorry. Machine learning's really changing the game rather significantly, and I think very much for the better at the moment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Speaking from a phenomenological perspective, I think that we have really too little insights into the electromagnetic scale sector and phlamophysics so far. Electric scale is probably more relevant for the NFC moving forward.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But we could still be in for a surprise.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And whatever kind of, new aspect that we might see, or we might not see anything, along these lines at all, in terms of one discovery, that will tell us about its relation, the relation of the TP scale in the broader context of the,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the evolution of, of the universe very early on in these studies. And there are dedicated links that we can explore between the electron sector and cosmology, so the kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sometimes I'm a bit of that as well. You think about particle physics really just very narrowly about what, you know, what interests you. For me, that's the physics and the electrics, yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But whatever we learn about that will also inform
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: cosmology, for instance, the SKO program, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are links that can be exported moving forward.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And I'll leave it with that. Thank you very much.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Thank you, very well on time. Yes, so let's go to questions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yes, please. Thank you very much. Really a comprehensive talk. Just on your last point on the connection between, electrobe scale and the cosmology, and how, from particle physics, how it can
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Solve some of the issues in the cosmology,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Could you elaborate a bit more in terms of the vice versa, for example, all the tensions which are going on in the cosmology, how those… if you come across anything wherein we can relate to and explore and connect with the electroly? Well, people get very, excited about our tension, you know, that is something that's…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That sits firmly, I think, within the context of cosmology. There are too many things that are not well understood there in order for us to say this is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: offices. But… The fact that we see
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have convincing evidence that the face transition in the standard one is a continuous crossover. That doesn't exclude the possibility
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Of, biogens is happening as part of, the electric phase transition.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are ways how you can do this to wait.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you need CP violation, but CP violation can… can…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: String theory gets important. Okay, so FCP violation can be induced in certain string theory models at a very, very large scale, so… and then you can hide that in inflation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Not directly.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Borrow your number generation, but you can…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You can source electromagnetic fields as part of the inflationary history that get then transferred
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in a very shrewd way, into a barrier number as part of a second, for continuous crossover in this animal. So, pinning down the properties of this animal, finding, really getting to the most precise level in informing these theoretical parameters to tell us that, indeed.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We are now firm believers of a continuous crossover.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That tells us.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: God.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: our regenesis needs to be part of a different cosmological picture, sorry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And non-resolved, in my domain of interest, is still a result, and it's still a result. It carries a lot of weight.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for people working in other disciplines. So that's just one example of how it could then work. And that, of course, SKO I mentioned,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They will be able, possibly.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: To look more carefully, or set additional constraints.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Whalen Latin.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: from these particular scenarios where you create biogenesis as part of… or you already see that biogenesis is actually sown as part of inflation through, electrical mechanic things, so it's a little bit related to, magnetogenesis.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If that rings a bell, please.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Cool question.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I missed a lot of it, and I'm sorry, I mean, I can't execute some details on it, but when you do all this, you include, you know, the fact of the universe, you expect some explanation for matter versus antimatter.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is one of these sort of slightly crazy questions that you get. What if the answer is just that you don't need to build in the mechanism for that, and it just was that way? Yeah. So if you see that constraint, how does that change your picture? It changes it a lot.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I… Of course, it could be an accident, absolutely. It will be a fine duty.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Accident?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I mean, maybe not why that might have happened, because, like, who knows, right? But what consequence would that have if you released that constraint in terms of the ways that you look, then? How constrained you are in terms of thinking about what metrics looks like? No, no, I mean, what the correlations I showed are very specific to that one simple model that I studied. Yeah. And I think that's…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's a fair…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm not sure if you meant it as a criticism, but I could phrase it as a criticism, and it would be fair.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But still, if you work in a renormalize some scenarios, it gives you…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Position really matters, and it becomes very important because it informs a very small set of parameters, rather than 2,499.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But of course, if you buy into the fact that, you know, you have inflation, you have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The universe is probing different aspects and different, disconnected patches, and we are essentially just an accident.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, anthropics, essentially.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think that's kind of… It is a possibility, but it's not a scientifically useful one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because you could…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you could ask that about other things. I mean, if… if my grandmother had wheels, she'd be a bike. Kind of… kind of that way.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I mean, I… I think that…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have more scenarios where we can explain it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with observable facts.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then just accepting it, so I think our DK is to look for that, rather than
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Believe the truth here, and just, you know, do other things, you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Perhaps our politicians think that it's more useful use of our time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I would disagree with that, but yeah, but I think that there's still stuff to be understood out there, rather than just pure coincidence. Yeah, so you don't… so you don't need to appeal to a sort of… so they would simplify the problem, but you don't need to appeal to that, and let's stick with a plan that answers these various concerns. I mean, it would… there are these calculations, and if the net barrier symmetry is super small. It's tiny when you start from symmetry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: face. There's essentially no way how you could create this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Other than…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you know, some dramatic cancellation in ways that we don't understand, that we have not really seen anywhere else. And there are too many things that we don't understand how gravity talks through all of us, so this was a good question. So, how can we marry this together with gravity? You know, this is not part of this. Marry this together with inflation, or try to understand it from the perspective of modified gravities.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there's a whole field that we have no idea how that works within the context of the tools that we have developed over the past 50 years. So I think making progress on that, you'll see some new insights, and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Nope. We've…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The cool thing about working in high energy fields is that tomorrow, some smart grad student that nobody's heard of might have all the answers and put them on the iPad. We'll be the first time?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it's always a little bit doom and gloom until that moment happens, and perhaps…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: My job being 45, and…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: not having too many good ideas anymore at the moment. It's, it's kind of to conserve that a little bit for…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Until that moment comes, which I'm sure they will.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They were coming.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: No, I think, I mean, you've got the argument, you know, but if you're able to select keep going, because new things can emerge at any moment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Nothing to do that for them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Could you go back to the CAIC? I think it was 8. 8, your explicit example of the interference.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Making the nice birds, dessert. That one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Death one. Yeah, that one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Oh, this is enough of a simulation plot. So, what I was going to say was that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: people do attempt to include interference specs, so are there specific things that you think we have missed by not including interference specs, or… No, no, I think that that is really the one that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That is the most dramatic. It's like New Physics 84, it's quite a while ago.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In these final states, this is absent.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Even if you go to TT Bar H, for instance, absolutely there as well, so that…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's kind of a…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a funny feature, because it is model-dependent, so you have to run this through the inside, analysis chain. There are ways to, kind of.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, we've been… one of the first things that I did after arriving in Manchester is set together with a bunch of Atlas people, and we tried to kind of… there's lots of proposals on the market, doing bump hunting, you fit the background when you move on exists, it's kind of…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's not too difficult.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you do this with dates, it's slightly more delicate, because they need some aspects of models that kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: model that, but maybe in a fairly robust way, not too modularly dependent. And to some extent, you can do that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we did find a pay totals.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I should have mentioned it there, but… It's,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The title's big tip has shown me the way.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's a bottle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We're both on the… I didn't come up with that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Help me find a link.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, in terms of bump hunt, I would still find it, because you also always have a bump, not only getting set up, right? Yeah, this is where my limited understanding of statistics comes in, but in the good old days of CDF physics, when the CLS method was still in play.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You did it through ratios of confidence levels, so essentially you would not really gain sensitivity there, because the consistency with the background on the hypothesis would be low already.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So perhaps with more asymptotically saved.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Largely as the people are using now, it's, this is a lot better.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, we had a look at that, I mean, I get a question, maybe we should have put it in, but…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Too late now? Oh.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The question that we really set out to ask is, if you see a dip.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Question is, what is the likelihood that it'll rise in the stream from a bump like that, rather than just… because a dip structure, there's just a statistical fluctuation, will it look differently, typically.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the more independent link between CPE versus CPO is actually not that strong.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when you think about it as a diagnostic of new physics, rather than reproducing the parameters of the, you know, measuring the couplings of these new exotic states. That's always model dependent, also in a bumplant.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: While it's diagnostic, I think it does work.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is a much more support than just the Z prime, which it obviously doesn't… it's not quite as dramatic as this, but we try and take this into account.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, there's some more FS training models with that in the test.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, that's just a funny thing, probably people have already solved this, and people just behind a paywall.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm not aware of that, but then it gives me another line of inspire. I mean, I think maybe the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The point is what you were saying earlier, it's for each specific model, you can do some parameterization, which sort of takes into account, but if you want to be very, generic.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's… it's hard to write something down that keenly factorizes all the… all the terms that you can stick into your… I'm either a quasi-dividend method, depends on the order of concentration period you work in.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But this you could even write down, of course, analytical expression, so it… there are ways of doing that, but with a bumpert as well, if you see some excess, it can have different meanings in different models.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the existence there. Kind of…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: literally turn this around and do the same for a infrastructure as well. Yeah, yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think this is a more generic one as well. If you look back to, sort of, run two,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: IDs, such as, and then reparameterize things out to,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of the interimensions and Reynolds and graviton bubbles.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I failed to convince athletes that taking a point mask with detector resolution was the wrong thing, because then they neglect the network that makes resolution just depends.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there'll be a whole swathe of,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Incept searches where the paper's just wrong.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the limits are too optimistic, because you're not taking into the fact that your TV acts as a TV event.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Hopefully now they've finally gotten all the fact that it's really done physics, and they should have done some ways in physics. I'm saying that as a…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Someone who was working on that paper has failed to have been understood.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the list.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But it's… it's not just these effects that are problematic and need to be done.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Canceling.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a little bit like the Pentagon as well, discussions on how to train the pentague walk.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You need to look at the insight. You need to look at the,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The base diagram, I think the base is a function of residence.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Once you've got something, you can do the analysis, and you can read with us at Jam.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Right. If you choose a pump, there's a pump because you don't need a model. Look for a model.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But to get the interference right. It turns out that you also get away with almost murder by the supermodel that does most of the job.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in order to look statistically reliable, at least for this amount of stuff we looked at. And that was… that was kind of surprising to me, but we support it slowly, right? Because
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if you… If we were to see this, You would…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you could actually quickly convince yourself that new physics is there, because what I'd appreciate if you could is encourage the impact the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with these parameters, you know, because some Germans have been shouting at you because you're using the wrong one, because they don't write. Then, of course, you need to get these aspects right, and, you know, there's a lot of calculations involved there as well, but we discover new physics, it's always harder to set limits and discover stuff when it's wrong.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Pharmacy system architecture.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Honestly understand.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Actually, just to follow up on that, I had the same problem with Atlas, the Z prime analysis. They were putting over a… they were refusing to believe us, refusing to do the paperless, and putting out very optimistic that there's not turning into captivity. Took me 18 months for that. I wasn't gonna put it on title, but I think if you just mentioned that. It took them 18 months to get them to pull the incorrect case on the result.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's very important.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yes, yes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And again, I didn't see this total flow of slides, but, you know, to my taste,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what I think is the most helpful is to have results that stand the test of time, and that means assuming as little as possible and doing as little as possible of this work. So there's a sort of, you know, collaborations wish, of course, to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: make discoveries, and you can only make discoveries if you're comparing accurately to a model. On the other hand, you know, does that make for the most long-lasting
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: statements about, you know, what fundamentally happened when some puzzles interacted. What's your taste on that? Because we're going to go into a whole phase now of sort of legacy making, right? I think that kind of highlights it, in a way, because, you can assume specific models, and these specific models will have different
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: decoupling limits. But what… what really matters when… when you look at the GEV scale is the alignment of 125GB wasn't this animal expectations. That's one handle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then extra stuff.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that goes on in, in the Higgs potential, which… It's a motivated sector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: End of story.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These two things, they will talk to each other in specific models, in specific ways.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the phenomenological handle is relatively similar, so this is why we chose the 2HGM, because it covers these bases in a relatively minimalist
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: way. You get Higgs mixing, so you get misalignment, you get modifications of the Higgs trilinear coupling, and you get, interactions of the Higgs problem within the exotic spectrum that might be happening.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And all of these things kind of galvanize into cross-section modification. So if you want these effects to do something positive for you.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Like, create more bargains and anti-bargains, or here, so we're not doing it, but create a list.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: A stronger first-order phase transition than the continuous crossover that we see in the Seminar model.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And these patterns, of couplings and mass hierarchies, they were not directly tall.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there's no one-to-one correspondence. If I had this… this strength of the face translation correlated with the cross station modification, it would be a little bit shot in the scheduling block, but…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you have… heavy physics, That is, but you are away from the alignment limit still.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you will see modifications through the derivative corrections, and you crossing minus 50. So I'm… after this, you saw some kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm kind of hopeful, because I…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I mean, I… I can't prove that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But all the reasonable phenomenological handles that you need to address these situations are reflected here, and the outcome is a positive outcome.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, you can only be sure within the scenario that you're looking at, but then by critically evaluating what goes in
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Noted.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Before the sausage machine.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can convince yourself that nothing weird is happening in the process. So, I think whatever scenario you might be looking at will have similar features.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and will have similar phenomenological outcomes. What this then means in terms of mapping it onto a…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: parameter 124 in that particular language, to me, that's relevant. What matters is the cross-section. If it goes away from the expectation, if we can observe that, then we're based on it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, one question. You mentioned also on this slide, what would be the impact used,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We… you said we ignored the CP violation in the medical sector?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what if, if we find something better? Would be, would be…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: CP bond is starting simply difficult for Linacre, and his sector volume would be absolutely fantastic. For this calculation would be, bad news for the grad student who has to calculate it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because there are quite… quite a lot more moving parts, and I mean, by assuming CPE conservation, you… you… you do not have a lot of X mixing diagrams, which you need to calculate here for… at the moment, the CP odd state is allowed to mix with the CP even, so it becomes technically more, more challenging, but…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You really don't need an offer of additional CP evaluations. Typically, these effects are very small.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So again.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If we allow for CP violation to the level where we tick the box of the Sakura criteria, this, I give you my 95% confidence level at this block must level.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Anything on that?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Pardon me? Questions online? Yeah, I don't see online.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One last question. You used barrier in the first slide, as an example.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: To lay out your strategy, and what would we uncover.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: phenomena that, for example, that might cause something that… Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That is unresolved. Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You could do it with Leptogenes, it works exactly the same way. You could see stuff in the leptron sector then. Let's see what I have in the backup, if I can bring it, yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The dark matter?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Similar, in a way, because…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you have something that helps us to,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The sun and moon, like, something like this export scenario, there will be a new contributions of the business data.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That… As part of the renormalization program, gives you a uniform coupling rescaling in the leaks photons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: interaction with whatever matter, and measure that precisely, you can set indirect limits on this scalar, even if that only couples to the CAIC export this matter.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then you have to worry about direct detection, which kind of kills this minimal scenario, because
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: these data are very, very precise, to the level where the minimum scenarios do not really work. But there is still a way where people are looking into generalizations of user interactions, and thereby gain, perhaps, new thermological
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: kind of test cases that we looked into at the end of the number that I looked at, so… You can do that, yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I got this, yes. Thank you very much.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Don't see any questions. I had questions, so we can go to lunch.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You're welcome to join.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Thank you very much for coming.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Good to see you again. Good to see you.