STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Welcome to the 7 Health Debate, here I go home by Mongo. Let's introduce Chris.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: letters, Julio.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: A fold. Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Chris… Please leave me the PhD.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Is this, I don't think dynamics in your ancestry channel?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Under the supervision of Ken Long.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then… while working on the muon ionization pooling experiment, also known as MICE.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: He then joined the Intense Beam Group at SDFC ROM, he's an expert in…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In beam dynamics, with particular specialization in linear and nonlinear dynamics in solenoid systems.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: He played a leading role in the international design study for a neutrino factory and the neutrino factory portion of the Euronew.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: He's now working on high acceptance latency lattices.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Such as the fixed field alternating gradient accelerator range, which I think you're going to speak about. Okay, over to you.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Hey, so,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's it. Okay, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, okay, so ISIS. So, so neutrons… ISIS is all about neutrons and muons. So neutrons provide, a unique insight into the atomic structure of matter, and that's sort of the business which we're in.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Soon, soon, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So for neutrons, we do three different things. So we do, scattering, diffraction, and spectroscopy. Again, we use muons, again, to study, sort of, atomic properties, and we have a couple of different techniques which we use there. So spin resin spectroscopy, X-ray studies of muons, as they get absorbed onto atomic neuter. So we make the secondary particles, muons of neutrons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: by firing pulsed proton beams onto the target, and so what I'm going to talk about today is what the source of these protons is, how we make the protons and accelerate them, what are the performance limits, and then a few words on how they're used, and what features. So, so, I can't remember if it's this year or last year, but ISIS had its 40th anniversary.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there's a nice picture here of,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Cool. Which one is the… if I just point… oh, it just works my pointer.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there's Maggie Thatcher, who some people will recognize. So ISIS was opened in 1984, formerly, and started being in 1983 or so. But in fact, ISIS was built on the previous accelerators which were at LAN, and so some of the LINAC sections, which are still in operation today, actually date back to the 1950s, so they were built in the aftermath of the Second World War.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so, so, on the right here, I have both, this is a photo of one of the, DTL tanks, I'll talk about in a moment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which, which, which is being constructed by Vickers, I think it is, the Vickers Company, who you might know made machine guns in the Second World War. And there's a truck, very old-looking truck, with its old-style number plate, actually delivering the, the… yeah, so… so it's a, it's a machine with a lot of heritage,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, and, but, but it's still choking away, delivering the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so in the international context, ISIS adults, I say that's important for applications, actually, from the muons. So, when we talk about the number of secondaries, we often characterize it by beam power.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so… so you can see, as a function of the year, the beam power which ISIS produced. And when it opened in the 1980s, ISIS was the most powerful protein source in the world.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's still pretty, a pretty juicy machine. Back when I started in the game, really, sort of early 2000s, S&S and J-part, Japanese S&S, were coming online, and, and,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And have now got to higher beam powers, but we're still doing useful science, at about 200 kilowatts average power, and just, just…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In case there are people who think about lazy to deal with it, that's about 30 gigawatts of peak of power. Lazy people sometimes talk about terawatts, so we're not quite there, but we're still, in terms of our peak power, we're still not, not doing too bad. And we're looking at, I'll mention to a gem.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Possible upgrade to put us, let's say, back where we should be, at the intensity limit, power limit, which we sort of have a nominal year of 21 weeks.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is the machine. So ISIS, starts with an H minus ion source, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so I used to start with an H minus ion source, I can't quite get the point for it. So, so, so, so the ion source is, is, is over here in this building, the beam comes along.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: along here, goes around the synchron, and then we have the two extraction protrotron beams going to target station 1, target station 2. So here's target station 2 on the schematic, target station 1 on the schematic, and there's the synchron for the mountain. For those who are in the room.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We're over here, this is the, this is where we come. So, if you ever do go for a walk around site, I like walking up a little mound, it's quite nice. Get a nice view. So, this mound is actually… was actually moved
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: used to be underneath target station 2, they built target station 2, that,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 10, 15 years ago, and they had to move all of the dirt, which was originally underneath Tailing Station 1, so they moved it to build target station 1, they moved it into Build Tumbling Station 2, so… so this… this… this big mound here, though, is… is now a hill, artificial hill, which
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, oh, and then just to orient you with the targets, we have a Muir target here, we have target station 1 Yukon target here, we have target station 2 Yukon target.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it all… so… so we start off with H minus ions. So… so H-, of course, proton and two electrons. So they're made by a discharge through a hydrogen gas, pulse length of the discharge is about 200 microseconds. There's a molybdenum cathode nanode.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then, so, so, so if you look at the sort of schematic, we have the, we have the discharge, and then, then you get H-minus ions coming out, electrons also come out, they're swept back away by a dipole, and it's on, it's on a bias hole.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we end up with a fairly… with a pure beam of H-minus ions. They then get, transported to the radio frequency quadrot. So you're going to hear a lot about RF,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, RF…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: electric magnetic fields. The RFQ provides, acceleration and focusing and bunching. So it's a… it's sort of like a… sort of like a copper cavity resonator,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you have inside this, you have these couple of eggs, which shake the electric field to give you combined acceleration, but also transverse focusing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So with very low energy proton beams, actually electric fields are quite good enough. If you get to higher energy, you need magnetic fields,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so… so… so the oscillation period, this sort of oscillation period along here, is actually tuned to match the proton velocity, which is increasing, of course, all the way along the RFQ, where we accelerate from 35 to 6765K kiloh.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And inside this, there are really very intense space jig forces trying to carry the beam pieces. And so we have to contain that beam despite these intensive space jive forces, and strong focusing… strong focusing yet from the RF protocol actually helps.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so you're going to hear a lot about RF, so why RF? So, so Maxwell Law tells us that we actually need either a massive
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: constant voltage to accelerate particles, and really it's sort of non-physical once you get above MUB scales, or you need a changing field, so you need, let's say, this component, the Maxwell's law, in order to deliver acceleration, so that's why we use
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: RF, and so… so we have… we have this RF system where we have successive RF cavities that are phased, so that instance particles always see the correct voltage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we have this phase stability of energy, early particles and late particles. So, so if you imagine here's your… here's your voltage of your particles,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Here's your voltage of your RF cavity, so you have a particle which is… which we call the synchronous particle, and then if you used to imagine you have a late particle, slow particle here, that actually sees more voltage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you have an early particle and a fast particle, that sees less voltage, and so you end up having particles which are just sort of, more grams of particles in energy and phase.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that gives… that gives you B's stability.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yeah, that gives you basic.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, and so all of these RF systems are predicated on this idea of base ability. So, so, so, so then we go into the, into the LINAT, into the, drifty Linacs of these, these tanks.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so… so we have here, again, an RF voltage across these little gaps, transverse focusing using quadrupoles, little noses, so the successive gap by an electric field, again, space the gaps.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if we tune the, so that the particles hit these, these accelerating gaps at the right phase, so that we get this sort of, this, this continuous acceleration, and we have transverse folks in these kind of piece of footropoles now to give, give us, give us transverse stability.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which, which, which we need for the acceleration. So this is a nice picture.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But one of the old ones, actually, which has now come out, there's a chap actually inside this thing, but… so one of the reasons why we took it out, keep going inside.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so yeah, so for that, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So transverse focusing is done using quadrupoles. So, so in, in quadrupoles, you have a field which is stronger with the beam center. This is sort of what a, whatever, whatever.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: protocol field looks like. So, so if you imagine if a particle, here, there's a, there's a magnetic field in this direction, which means there's a force pushing it back towards the middle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: On the opposite direction, you have a particle out here, that has a magnetic field in this direction, so actually you would do a right-hand rule and all that, you actually find that this is the boats. So… but the strength of the boats in is, is stronger away from the beam center, like a… like spring or pendulum, so it gets in armed motion.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And actually what we do is we have a focusing protocol, which focuses in the horizontal direction, defocuses in the vertical direction, and then a defocusing protocol, which does the opposite. And what we do is we generate focusing by actually automatically setting the protocols, just reversing the current going through these coils.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that gives us eligible accounts for us, focusing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so, so we accelerate through the RFP, we accelerate through this sequence of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: BTLs for a few minutes, and then we inject the beam. So, so, so, so, I said we use an H-minus beam, and there's a reason for that. So our problem is that the H minus… well, the pulse of particles, H-minus in this case, is really rather long.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And actually, the synchron ring is really rather short, so… so sort of somehow we need to inject this beam, and the pulses will overlap.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, we have this long pulse, we're trying to get into a very short time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so there's… there's a fundamental theorem, in fact, which comes back to… it's sort of one of these noethylized theorems, so it really is quite fundamental, it's… it's sort of related to Hamilton and all that stuff, called Lubil's theorem, which showed… which tells you that you really, with electromagnetic fields, you can't make false global atmosphere. You do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Is that… it's not possible. So, so, so somehow…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The phase space volume occupied by the beam, we characterize that by this thing we call emittance, and the bulb compress emittance.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the laws of physics say… say that we can't… we can't actually do this, and of course, because we're in the business, we achieve it. So what we do is we do charge exchange injection. So… so… so we… we bring our H minus beam into the ring.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then we go through a foil. The foil morphs electrons off the H-, so they become protons. And then the protons get bent in the opposite direction to the H-. So we've sort of broken this phase-base conservation law, because we've switched the sign, the charge sign of our part.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, and, and, and so, so, so then, so, so then we can use sweeping dive bulbs, and those sweeping dive bulbs we can actually use
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sort of paint, what we call paint the phase space. So what we actually do is remove the injected beam and the rotating the circulating beam around, try and build up a picture of a beam.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which we want, try and minimize some of the destructive forces which we get in the ring, like space charge. And so we can build up… build up this picture of a beam using painting.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is sort of an example of two different beams which we can inject into the ring. So, so, so, so, the space judge thing I mentioned, you have a self-voltage of the beam, which tends to recover particles, and limits the achievable current. So if you have a beam which is really peaky in the middle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's going to have a much stronger voltage, and you get to get much more diffusion from the center of the beam to the edge, and that in turn causes loss, and ISIS is a loss limited machine. So losses is what stops. We run the intensity until we start running into intensity, because we're…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The radiator lymphoma.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we paint the beam to try and reduce this space charge effect, so that we could fit more beams together.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, one of the other limits which we base is really foil heating. So we try and make… we have to make the boil a certain thickness.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the scripting, you really need a good scripting efficiency. Even a small inefficiency in the scripting will cause unacceptable loss. We dump protons onto the actual machine, again, or H0s, neutral oxygen onto the actual machine, and again, we're doing all sorts of stuff.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so what we have to do is we have to spoil in, boil thickness is limited by the stripping efficiency, and it gets hot.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And as it gets hot, you can see it sort of starts getting,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It starts getting, getting, you know, getting actually sort of flapping.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: being destroyed. So we have a continuous R&D effect on new foils. We used to use aluminium oxide foils, that's now no longer the case. We got rid of those a few years ago, and now we're using carbon foils, and we're looking at, you know, interesting techniques like corrugated foils. These things are really thin.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Sort of looking at those sort of things to try and maintain the stability.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so we've got B down the line at now ready to go into the ring.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, now in the ring, I suppose. So we accelerate then in what's what we call the rapid cycling syndrome. It's rapid because the rep rate is 50Hz, which is much faster than something like CERN, where, where they, they typically don't go up 1Hz.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the energy is 72-800 MeV, which is 3 meters,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And as I say, we've got about 200 kilowatts.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so we're loss-limited. We lose about 5% of even injection and trapping.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In terms of power on the machine and the radiation, if you lose higher energy barstools, they cause more damage. So even though this… this loss of acceleration is lower, it still causes loss.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Oh.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so, so we have a number of magnets in the ring, so, so, so here's a big dipole. The dipoles, so, so the dipoles are pulsed, as they're rapidly pulsed at this, and so, so what happens is, if you pulse one of these big magnets at 50 Hz, you get currents walking around the magnet.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what we have to do is we actually have to laminate the iron, these magnets, quite heavily, try and prevent those eddy burns from forming, so that we don't get too much energy dumped into the rest of the iron.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have quadrupoles around the ring, which do most of the focusing. We do have a weak quadrupole. And then we also… we have sex poles installed for probatistic direction, but actually we don't use the machines.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a nice machine, it doesn't need these fancy priority multiples for correction, because it actually just works. So, so in fact, we don't need to power them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But we do have sex bills in store.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: For the day.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So for the RF, so the RF cavity must oscillates synchronously with a particular beam. This is a very monolithic beam, so the time of flight is changing as we accelerate.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: radius of the… the radius of the beep's always going on the same trajectory, the velocity is changing, so the flight changes. And so, so, so, so in order to,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to get the RF cavity to operate oscillate synchronously, you have to change the frequency.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the way we do that is we use a capacitor gap, so… which we sort of marked here, and then, then in the helmet itself, we have ferrite.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The ferrite, is, is, is, is an input, works inductor, it's magnetic, and we can actually change the inductance to the ferrite part of the field.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that means change an LCR circuit, you change the resonant frequency by changing the induction.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we get this sort of frequency swing over a factor of a few, by cubing the feral conductors.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we have a lot of beam instrumentation. It's really critical, actually, to run the machine. So… so… so with beam instrumentation, we can figure out what's going wrong before it causes trouble. If we do start getting trouble, beam loss.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we can identify that very quickly and predict the machine. And also, you know, we need to validate our models, we need to optimize, so for the long-term stability of the machine and long-term understanding of the machine.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the instrumentation we have is mostly non-destructive, so we have ionization chambers, which identify secondaries caused by loss, so that's like a, a,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sort of breakdown tube outside of the machine. So we get losses in the machine that makes secondaries, the secondaries go through the… through the magnets, get into these… into these tubes, and get breakdown in the tubes, which then causes, to get a shower, that shower we pick up, then we can figure out all those loss.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then deal with it. We have beam position monitors. That's like the wall terror monitor. So we have currents running through the walls that are accelerated, caused by the beam.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It has to pick up on the rules, which you actually measure the beam current, and by looking at the difference between the voltage on the top and the bottom of the machine, we can figure out how close the beam is to…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have a DC current transformer, which we use to measure the absolute current, and that works. The V position gives their capacity.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They don't work for a DC beam, but the DC current… really see the DC current. And the other one we have is a residual gas ionization.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's, again, like a… like a gem, I guess, so the TPC. So, so you have, you have a… you have residual gas just in the machine, very low level, so you have a vacuum.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But there's enough that the beam just ionizes the gas, and then we get, iron flow to a plate on the top, that can flow to a plate on the bottom of the ions, and we use that, that measurement to figure out where the beam was.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it's so… so, so that's, that's our sort of instrumentation suite.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so what do we worry about? So, resonances. So, so, so we have these transverse and longitudinal oscillations, which are caused by the focusing system.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… so remember, it's like simple harmonic motion, the beam's just… the beam is just… particles are just bouncing back forward, so the beam is just sort of getting squeezed in and out. What happens is, if that… if that motion is resonant with the focusing system, imagine you've got this pendulum.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Impending was being pushed by the corporate holders.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If the oscillation period of the pendulum is the same as the oscillation period of the push poles, under driving term, the driver resonance medievalence.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so… so what we characterize this sort of thing by, the tune, which is the number of spokes… number of oscillations of particles just going through the spokes existence per ton.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have a horizontal tune and a vertical tune. This is a horizontal vertical, really, and, and when, when that tune is, is fractional, so, and it sort of, tune goes as N over N, whatever inch, rather, then, then we see these rest
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And actually, so you can see this horizontal tune, we have oracle when the tune X is, 4.33,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, what's that?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's, 13 over… 13 over 3, and then you can see you get this resonance. The hot points is where the continuation is bad. It's yellow and white.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's a bad transmission. You can see there's another one that accumulates,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 17 over 4.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so these are, these are these resonance lines, and then you also have, actually, resonances which are correlated between horizontal and vertical.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is where the horizontal busts are.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what we're always trying to do is avoid these resonance lines, and that means that we have to sweep the quadrupoles so that we avoid the resonance.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have toilet holes in there, which are purely to tune the beam away.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Very useful.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, that's all well and good, but unfortunately, as I say, we're… a high-intensity machine, we have space charge, that's where the voltage
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the beam, the cell force, the beam, pushes the beam apart, and that's like a debugging force. And the bad news is, it's a debugging force which is different for different particles.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, some particles will see a stronger defocusing force, whether it's a higher voltage, and some particles will see a weaker defocusing force, whether it's a lower voltage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so, so what you end up getting is this sort of tune script. So again, you have the horizontal tune, the number of horizontal plasma per rotation around the frame, vertical tune…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can see that with the space charge, you get this sort of tube strain. And that… that's especially bad in injection. Turns out that this… this…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The boat thing is stronger at low energy, so this really fundamentally limits our charge, especially in the church.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Those trapping losses I spoke about. So let's go… that's… that's this space challenges.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so one of the tricks we have is we have, higher harmonic… higher harmonics in the RF second harmonic RF. What they do is, if you imagine, this is the energy spread of the beam, this is the phase spread.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the RF cavities tend to flatten out the beam, so we don't get a really strong peak in the middle. So we sort of level out the beam, so we get more beam over here, a more beam over here, and less beam over here, so we don't have a really high venous charge, and that means that we…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's right.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, another thing which we worry about is weight fields, so if the beam goes around the ring, it can actually induce electromagnetic oscillation, so like RF… little RF waves in the ring, and that can build up over many turns.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so, so we have to work quite carefully to try and reduce sources of, of, of this sort of electromagnetic noise, which is characterized by input.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is, let's say, the incidence response to the V as a, at the V-pipe function frequency, if you get these sort of funny beaks around here, which are actually characterized by beats of equipment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the blue dashed line is, like, the frequency response that you want in the dark holes, the yellow dashed line is the frequency response, and one of the foothold doublets, the footholds, green dashed line is the frequency response, the foot pole signals.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so… so… so we really don't want these resonance behaviors to be synchronous with the beam. If we do get that, then… then you get this sort of thing happening. So this is actually… the beam is getting kicked.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it's… it starts getting kicked by these RF wounds, and it starts oscillating all over the impact.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we actually have to quite carefully tune the impedance for the beam pipe. So we have these RF screens. These are actually wires that run along the inside of our vessel.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: inside of our beam pipe, we connect them to capacitors to try and cue the frequency response from the beam pipe that does… One of the things we're looking at is actually how some of the capacitors work with moldy, so we've got mold, and every worker or something, that breaks a little capacitors.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Another thing we're looking at, actually, again, for these Wakefield resonances, is a damping system.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The idea is that we have a fast pulse, low pole, which is really operating at megahertz frequencies, and then… then we actually kick the beam in antiphase with the… because it's waiting for this rotation, so we need a… we need a pickup.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: feedback circuit. We've done some tests, so we actually have the dive on the machine, done some tests.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we've seen significant development in loss with those tests, you know, and so we're developing a system
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We're sort of, staff-limited machine as well, so… so when we see these, this is quite a complicated system to develop, so, so… so we're moving into production to see the staffing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's challenging to deliver this value.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Responsay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so then we're through the centrum, so… so into the, extracted proton beam. So I'm going to talk a little bit about the nice beam line, and then we have two extracted proton beam lines, so we go to plug station 2 over here, plug station 1 over here, again, the neurolog over here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I'm gonna… so I was… I was… as… as you heard from my kind introduction, I was… two kind introductions, I would say. I was on mice, and I'm going to take the talk about mice. It was, of course, a very major partial visit, project.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: In the 2000s, 2010s. So, so this, this is nice. This is actually a hall right next to Berlin app, and, and here you can see the experiment. So we, we, maybe a sweet effect.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, there you go. So this was the nice beamline over here, so you can see it's right next to the liner. We take… we had a,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: target dipping right into the centron beam. We took the beam off the centron, went around the corner through these soap holes, and we were planning to go into this full cooling line in the end.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is what we built in here. So we have a solenoid detector up here to detect the muons coming into the experiment, a voicing system and an absorber here, and another detector downstream to pick up the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at the output. And… and we demonstrated ionization cooling, which is… which is, of course, important for, anyone who wants to do high-intensity MEON beams, like, for example, the MEON Collider.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what you can see is… remember this thing I was talking about, this beam size, the phase space body, that's emittance.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what we're trying to do is show that we can reduce emittance even technique. What you see here is that we have a feeling where the emittance, the change in emittance is negative.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Actually, we have a theory line, which is the blue line, we have a much color, we have a data line. They all agree, so… so we move with,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Did a good job.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so that's… that's nice. Then, in terms of the other two, extract proton beams, so this is target station one. I just thought it was worth showing the photo, I think it's quite interesting. So you can see, the protons coming along somewhere underneath here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The first target is, is, around here, and it comes out into the, into the Muens area, and then the… the main target… this… this sort of muon target is kind of, it takes…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a percentage of beam or something.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That beam energy, and then… and then the main target really is a neutron target under here. This is… this is where all your neutrons
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Fuck.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Bob.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So every fifth pulse goes to target station two. So this is target station 2, and again, there's, there's, protons coming, coming down the line. The target underneath this massive block of concrete over here, you have, neutron lines coming out.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is, this is the, the, the, the muon, one of the muon beam lines. So this is the,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm gonna say the north beamline, but I'm not very sure about that. This is the, this is, let's say, a low-energy muon beamline using surface neons. So when we say surface muons, what we're doing is we're taking ions, which are actually stopping the target.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: those plants decay before immediately energy overseas, and come down the bean pipe. The reason we do that is that we get very highly growth testing on
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Home selects again.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: crisis of the pulse beam, a pulse length is about 60 nanoseconds. You have two pulses. In the jargon, you have two, for example, pulses coming in for any protection for each 60 nanosec.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then we have burn 3, 3 different…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is the, the other MEON beamline, and this is actually, in collaboration with Ricken in Japan. This is Rick and Ral, beamline, so this is flying between flight, and they can get a range of energies from 70 times 13 years. See, they can take, these,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Stopping, stopping, but, meals from stopping funds as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We… that's something to add some other experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is an example… I want to put an example of some of the instruments, but we had loans, and I didn't feel like I could say anything interesting about all the instruments, so I thought I'd pick a couple. So this is the Mu SR, so it's a muon…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: spin spectroscopy. What happens is we take these muons, highly proration neurons, they stop in the sun.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Quite a short pulse length, so 60 millisecond pulse length.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so, so, so, so we know all of our… of order a million muons stopped at the same time, roughly. And then, then inside the material, sometimes, sometimes we can apply… there's a cryoset here, we… we actually, we, we watch the spin rotate.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have a detector at the front, a detector at the back. Look, the electron.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We can just see how quickly the spin rotates. It's actually an interesting thing, so we can actually see what the magnetic field is inside the material.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, interesting, but some shall the same people.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, you know, various other applications. That's muon spin spectrosity, one of our important things.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so then we go into… so then if we keep on going down, we go into the neutron target, so we have two neutron targets. So the energy deposited in the neutron target is roughly equivalent to a speeding target for the target every second.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's a lot of energy involved. Obviously, we want our targets better. So, so, so we have tantalum, clad tungsten, we have, water cool that tungsten. So, so, so the reason we put everything in tantalum is because water tends to erode tungsten.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Especially when it gets hot. So, so, so we're…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We like having to tantal around the outside to make sure that it stays cold, and then we surround that whole thing by neutron reflectors, which reflect any neutrons which are going into the concrete, back it, back towards the center, and moderators. So the moderators slow the neutrons down. We're really interested in, sort of, electron-volt identities of the neutrons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Doing a little bit of fun.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But… We have moderators, part of Jimmy, they can slowly…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is the… this is the dug station one target assembly, so the thing slides in and out, and yeah, you can see the moderators on this. So, so, liquid, liquid methane moderator, so they have a poison coil, and that's around…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: reject the wrong energy neutrons. So they don't stop… stop wrong energy neutrons from escaping the targets. They put, I can't remember what the carrier is, but…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: research.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: roads.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They have different moderators, which, again, give different, different properties, to hydrogen and things like that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, I want to take the neutron instrument as well, so I think… I don't know, I think this one, it's sort of an interesting one, because it's way off the… way off the neutron.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It goes public.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so this is the high resolution powder diffractometer. So, so what, what they're trying to do, that's just, that's measuring neutron scattering. So, so, so you take neutrons, the neutrons come down here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They have this thing called the Super Mirror Guide, which is really… it's like… it's like a fiber optic cable, but for neutrons, so it's sort of advanced lead materials to try and keep neutrons coming down the beam pipe. So they're neutral.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, and, and so, so, so then,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because it's a scattering experiment, so you have the neutron wavelength.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which… which gives you the scattering angle and the crystal structure size. So you can reduce the structure size in your crystal, your sample, if you measure the scattering angle and wavelength. What they do is watch the neutrons coming down, the fast neutrons,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: arrive,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The fast neutrons arrive first, the slow neutrons arrive last, so they can deduce the wavelength just by using time and flow to separate the neutron momentum, and of course, wavelength momentum are sort of the same.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then they just look to see when the scattered neutrons come into their detector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And… and… and they can… and so, yeah, so here you can see the neutron time of flight.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: As a, as a, as a, as a function of energy, or wavelength, and then the number of neutrons coming…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so in terms of resolution, what they worry about is the uncertainty in the flight path, because the neutrons aren't always going in a straight line, the sort of timing uncertainty, which is driven by the moderator. So this moderator
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Some of the neutrons come from the front, the moderator comes from the back, and sort of an angular effects as well. And so… so by having this really long flight path, they can minimize
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Denise uncertainty.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then they have detectors optimized for neutron detection. They have helium-3 tubes, and zinc sulfide acetylated bio. So this is… this is the bond.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so what you've got here is, like, an alumini front plate, and then inside there, there's a, there's a, there's a, use this lady fibers, and there's a good outcome.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, oh, and again, I'm really getting out of my depth, but I wanted to show some science just to give you a flavor of the sorts of things which we do. I'm an accelerator person. I have one on solid state, which I just about talked my way through, and one on biology, which is really out of my depth, but I do want to put it in anybody.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this, this is, this is, this is a novel magnetic material. This was published last year.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so certain, whatever.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I apologize for not knowing, but the interesting thing is what they can do is they can actually show that they've got magnetic moments aligned along different directions for different patterns.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so they can uncover these magnetic properties by doing neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering. And this is… this is the sort of thing which is, you know, really interesting.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how we can really look at these sort of novel magnetic materials. I understand that this is not, you know, the variant of conventional, I think, at any moment, which is different depending on where you are in structure.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is another one. As I say, it's biology, which is really pushing my life. So this is a protein called HFQ, and what they were doing is they were looking at the structure to understand how it evolves DNA.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And actually, this one was quite interesting. It's a combined study, so they're using ISIS, of course, here. They have electromoscopy, and they also use a lab called Institut Landville ILL, which is in France.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Again, you need to gatherings. So, so, so, you know, they can do, again, do this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, I want to talk a little bit about the future and upgrades and some of the plans we have. So, so this is the, Endeavor program, that's, this is… this is ongoing, let's say this improved project.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's, it's a sort of a $100 million program, and it's really all about instrument upgrades, so they're looking at upgrading several instruments. The first one, they're upgrading Super, which is the upgrading the SR at 8.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Hrpd, which is the one I spoke about, or HRPD+, sorry, yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And they're going on to upgrade some of the other
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is a project I'm involved in, so again, I took the liberty as the, as the one doing the seminar to talk about it. So I'm very interested in Slow Beyond.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what we want to do is, for this new SR, for example, is really, or some similar instrument, is really put muons, stop muons in the material with a very well-defined depth, so that we can do studies on thin films, for example, and with a well-defined position.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that means reducing the muon beam energy threat, reducing the emittance. And so, so, so in order to do that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What we are proposing building
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is a pulse field generator, pulselectromagnetic field generator, in combination with a gasless absorber, we think we can get the very low muon beam remittances. It's similar to what they have at PSI, where they have a low acute muon beam as well, which is used for some of the rare muon decay experiments you guys do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But it's, it's much higher efficiency.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: focused, so it's in… It seems to be at least, it looks like quite an interesting one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, and then I put it on the Muen-Clider emittance block. So this is the Muen-Clider again, remember this emittance thing, this size of the beam in momentum and position space?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, if you look at the MEON Collider, you go down an emittance like this, and then, you know, they have this very long, long-to-long cooling system, and the scheme which, which, which I'm investigating, and others in the MEON group, looks like, you know, maybe it can take this down another level of magnitude and emittance compared to the other one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which, which is interesting, the official humans. So, which, which, which…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But we'll see. It's up to develop.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then, okay, then in terms of, let's say more formed, more well-funded projects, this is the tank for upgrade which we installed in 2022. So this is a new DTL tank, replacing one of the ones built in the 1970s, interestingly, not quite a lot of 1970s.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Because it was left for the Bible. So, so, so, this is the… this is the new one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have an ongoing development in the R8 building, which is the one sort of on the other side of R1 from us, which is called the front-end test stand. BPD was involved for many years. So that's a test stand for an RFQ, bringing the very low NGH- up to 3AB.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then what we want to do is chop the beam to try and improve our trapping efficiency and reduce number of loss.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we have a test, fast, a test… test… it's like a dual chop, but two chops in a row, one fast one, one third one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Front safety for use of the American Pin.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The other thing which we're working on now, and we aim to install in the next long shutdown in 27, is this never to medium energy beam transport upgrade, which is right, right, medium energy for… but it's actually, sort of, where medium energy is kind of NEV energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so the idea is to improve the transport to Tank 1, and reduce some of the losses there, also introduce a chopper.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Again, some of our mission detection.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then the sort of major project, long-term project, is to develop a nice assessment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… so people talk about a neutron draft.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so ILL…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: mentioned before, is planned to close in the 2030s. There is a new facility being built, on the other side of the North Sea, Sweden, ESS, European installation source, but even with that facility.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We expect production availability across Europe, and so it's important to make sure that we maintain the capacity, because, you know, people use it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so we're looking at upgrade options for ISIS, too. So there's a multi-megawatt upgrade to options. We're looking at, multi-megawatt upgrade to ISIS. We're looking at three options.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So a Linac, Ring, which is like S&S in the US, a synchrotron, sort of like JPOC or Burnt Lab, and a quick spiel automated grading accelerator, which would be the first high-intensity kind.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: world. And you can see, oh, there was a report in 2020, this one, this was an update to the 2017 report that was published in 2020, which says, the concept, nice is too short course facilities, exciting, continued exploration is strongly encouraged. So they're not saying go ahead and build it, they're saying, let's… let's have a look.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… so, in terms of the, convention rings, so either we have an accumulate ring plus a… plus a LINAC, so you do, like, a LINAC to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: probably 800 mV, and you do all of your acceleration in the LINAC, and at the end you have a storage ring. The storage ring is designed to turn as long a pulse into a short pulse. It uses light short pulse to do these kind of light games with the new drones.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So… so that's… that's, that's one option. The other option is a sync trunk, where you do the acceleration in the ring. So then you need this sort of sync trunk ring.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Post the magnets, how close they are.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So then in terms of the technical challenges, which we… which we need to look at, we worry that the injection foil will overheat, so we'd be very careful about that. This, this is a simulation using ANSYS, which is one of these heavy M codes, for looking at heat deposition on the boil, and cooling.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the foil, and, you know, we're trying to keep the foil below, sort of, 1000 Kelvin or so.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Graphite. Graphite at some point.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: reference, so, so, sublime. So we have to keep it at a neutral temperature.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The interesting thing is, if you're at high intensity, not only do you need to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: prevent more loss, you actually need to reduce your loss. You actually need to reduce loss by a factor of 10. If you want to increase the power by a factor of 10, you need to reduce your loss by a factor of 10.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so… so… because we… basically, ice is at the limit. So if the power of the beam goes up.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the fractional power which we deposit has to go down. The absolute power has to stay the same. So, so, so, so we have to reduce the loss if we… if we go up into that one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we also worry a lot about the amount of energy we deposit onto target.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm trying to keep the target so that it stays alive.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So then the other, the other one which, which, which is, is, is, the other option we're looking at is this vector field gradient.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the idea is that we use a fixed field, like the cyclotron, we use the variable frequency RF, like a synchrotron, and we have a bending dipole, which actually, the field strength ramps up with time, like an asynchron, with its radius.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you get stronger bending steel. Now, I talked a lot about resonances earlier. If you don't do anything about the folks thing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then you'll hit these resonances. So we actually had to vary the focusing radius as well, to try and stop the beam hitting performance.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the reason it's interesting is because the limiting factor on our synchrotrons is really the, the ramp time of the magnets.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we can get more acceleration cycles per second, or we can play games with the longitudinal dynamics. We also may be able to access superconducting magnets. Superconducting magnets won't be false.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Very hard to pull suit, doesn't matter.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can be more powerful machine.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Oh.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: People have built these sorts of rooms before. There's not really any high-intensity experience.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's something we're looking at. It's also worth noting, I understand there's a seminar in Lara next year,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: LARA is the, laser hybrid accelerator for radiobiological applications. It's this, it's this, it's this,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this, radio-oncology machine, which they talked about, and they plan to do a very similar sort of, basically. So, so, so we talk to them all the time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Doing very similar stuff.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so this is the RMB, which we're looking at, the hardware RMB. So this is the roadside magnet we're building. The beam goes… this is like the magnet after the beam, as it accelerates, goes into the phase. As you go to higher energies.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Sweeps across the magnet.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think it actually sweeped away, sweeps from… from… this is the inside, Let's see the app, sorry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, yeah, so, so, so, so the, the, the beam sweeps across the magnet aperture, you have these, these,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: lots of coils, and the other is that we want to be able to tune the field strength and the function of forgiveness, so that we can… we can not only
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: run with this, this, this particular dipole field which strengthens the radius, but we can actually optimize so that, so that we… we can tweak the dipole field to track the problem.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then the other, the other, the other thing we're looking to do is very wide aperture, very RF gambities, and so this is… We're also looking at beam transportation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These wide aperture bead pipes. We did this, we had a CDL earlier this year for very exciting, which we would like to build as well, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so, so, so that brings me to the end.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, yeah, so ICE has been operating for more than 40 years, which is great, and some of the components are more than 70 years old. As you see in Scientific Rapid Cycling Synchrotron, it's loss limited. We have a broad range of exciting science and instruments, and really, I could only
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Dabble in the… in the material, you know, but it is, it's very interesting, and we're looking at studies for an upgrade.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I would just finish by saying thanks. So, obviously, I took computers from the whole, department, whole facility, so accelerator, target…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So thanks to them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Thanks, Chris. It was a wonderful talk for what's sitting here next door.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, move on.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Questions in the room?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yes, hence.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Proton beams, I've talked about this often with many people, at the end of the litter, apparently there's a kicker in the bean dump.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: At the car, you did not…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Apparently there's nothing before this being done to use the H1 signs as they come flying through.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's just really sad because there's a missed opportunity to replace Birmingham MC4G.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: With something else.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's like if I had a Jeep, that's how… better K-factor, better accuracy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And presumably otherwise wasted energy. I keep asking.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What might there be on ISIS tube?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: More so, because on ISS2, if it were to happen, there's probably at least 200 people at the… at the end of any of the network, where people are probably more, which means we're talking a much better pay-by-play, yet we could do other stuff.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: However, it seems a very… A tightly knit community that's very hard.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as a treat. So our form cognitive 2, we're looking for immunity on top of that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's a discussion which we're underway, and I'm going to be flying protons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: As in falsifying protocols.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: For us to? For anything. We set the MEE to me as fast.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, well, and anything beyond that is clearly fast enough.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Let's say one can imagine doing something, It's…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's… you know, it's a big, big piece of kit. So, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I just noted that at the end of the Lenact, there's already a beam.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if I wanted to blast something with protons, that would be the place where I want to be. It's true, it's very, very, you know, it's obviously been blast for many years, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, so I'll… yeah, I'm trying to get somebody to plan for a meet-up space.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: With an automated access system that brings in a sample and brings it back out.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm not getting there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yep.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I can't, I can't, I can't… We can't take a seat. Yeah, no, it's an interesting idea. Certainly something we keep.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the… at some point, you have Endeavor… so the ISIST, at some point, you have Endeavor operating.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, ESS.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Operating and you're building… places to… Right… right next to ISIS.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Why… Why do you need to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Is there a chance that someone says, just, shut I sit down and build?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But, I don't know, I mean, what could you do with the existing…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: footprint, if you were to do a sort of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: ISIS II, but not as good. So, yeah, so we looked at… we've looked at, in fact, four options. The fourth option being an ISIS II, I'm afraid… an ISIS upgrade in the current frame. What we're worried about is that we think it would take too long to install an ISIS upgrade in the frame.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You know, it's like the same as CERN has. You have this sort of 1BHD, it's the limit of your shutdown time. If your shutdown goes up to, like, the 1BHD, you're sort of going to travel. We don't quite see how we can do an upgrade without shutting down quite 10 days.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And 10 years is too long. Now, all of our users go somewhere else.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And they don't necessarily come back.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we're kind of… so that's why we're thinking about that. I did show the footprint.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Which we've shown elsewhere. This is, like, this footprint here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is, like, a maximal footprint, but this is, like, a worst-case scenario. What we see at the north end is target station 2 in the brake block.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This, this is, this is potentially the target. You know what I'm saying? Are we seeing target station 2 on the same map?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Just for scale.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yes, yeah, yeah, yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, so it's sort of outside the grand fence.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's it till the ADA plan.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Although I hear that the… I hear they just bought the land on the other side of the A road, so that's an easiest statement.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So yeah, so, so, so this…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is the, this is the planned for brief.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, and like I say, we, we just…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Worried about helping to stay through those.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So when would it… if you…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What would be the earliest you would start?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That, if, so we have 2040 done on Monday.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We, we, you know, you know the spousing Desk actually is going through any… I did not find it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: When do you need to start to hit 2040? We want to down-select from these three options to accept.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: spades… In the ground.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you were to hit 20, 40, I'll remove the mount first, right? Removing the mound is space. Removing the mound, then we're… so, sort of early…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Move it far away. It turns out moving mounts is sort of expensive. On the cost scale of this thing, it's only… It's just logistics. It's just logistics. And it's much more expensive if you want to move it off-site than you have to get a mining license.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's what the PhD students do during the show.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Have you done anything with neutrinos? I know that people are talking about, as you should know this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that is… there must be some somewhere. There will be, there will be.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And I know, I know that there is conversation about nutrition, but I think it's,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think, I think…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as you say, there's… there's quite a close-knit community, and somehow it's… it's not always fair enough, because I… it's kind of… so… so, kind of, I know, right, I know, but, you know. So, so, so, so…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I think that… I think that there's, sort of, some detector characterization work using the existing instrument suite.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a sort of starting point, and then maybe the software piece of feedback leading their way, and then trying to understand the community, use the, you know, the…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm asking, because at the moment, the natural location for it would be on the side of the mountain.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Basically, behind Target Station 2 on the other side of the road. You get more… you get more roads at Target Station 1.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yep, yes. You just need something behind the target, reasonably far away, and reasonably sizable, at which point
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Could be taking up the road or something, that's… It's just the one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Whereas the mount is just literally facing the back of the condensation tube, so it's…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah. It is false, so you can do this on…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Other questions?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Just a quick remind you.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when ISIS-2 comes online, so if ISIS finishes, when ISIS 2 comes online.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: would you continue running ISIS-1, for those experiments that only need a lower intensity
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think that we haven't got that level of planning yet. I would imagine we would not recognize this one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But I think that's… Let's say that level of detail that's, you know, we're really looking at
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what the basic cost… In the same way as at CERN, it's also a 2040s project.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And really talk about what happens to the existing process infrastructure.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, sort of similar thing once you… Might be some interesting invitations.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Can I, while I've got you here, and you… at the beginning, you explained about accelerator, the quadrupoles, and how you're defocusing and, focusing in the X and Y axes. How does that not…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how do you kind of, how's that not, if you're doing one and then focusing and defocusing, how do you actually get an overall focusing? It turns out… it turns out it's not pretty well. So, it's… it's… it… I could…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I could spend… I could spend a while talking about it, but it's… it's not too often, it's… it's actually,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You just need to tweak the magnets for the right way.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Excellent.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you join us for lunch, you'll have some time. Sorry, it was basic accelerator silence, which I never understood, so it's…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Are there any questions on Zoom?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I don't see any, also. You have any questions? Yes, about the painting, the beam, it's also you.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Thank you, thanks, Alberta. Could you, explain what
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Is that more than I've kept cheating?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It really is to… Oh, that helps.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what we really do…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we can… so we… let's say vertical is probably the easiest one. So we actually steer the H-minus beam, or it goes into the beam. We can move it up and down.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so… so… so… so what happens is, you imagine… Bring the beam up.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the beam's gonna, the beam as it goes round, it's actually sort of… it's actually… the ejected protons are then rotating around in angle and position space. That's what the block goes, so it's like,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you've got the vertical, and you've got this sort of angle…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as I should say, sort of B.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is going round.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You move this beam over here, and the next one, next pulse comes in, being…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The beam keeps going around, Xbox comes in, and then he moves the beam.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Around him in one of my burn space, is he doing it?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, using this vertical, using a… He's a versatile sweeper.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: As you move the beam around and you want to go by the grind space, you can actually choose the distribution.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what they're trying to… what they're trying to do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They talk about correlated and anti-correlated matrix. This is horizontal position versus vertical position.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the beam after it's been painted. What they try and do is they try and make sure that the beam is a long way from the middle in the vertical space, when it's sort of near the middle in the horizontal space, or a long way from the middle in the horizontal space while it's near the middle in the vertical space. And all while they're trying to use this sort of base space advance to avoid
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: putting the beam through the foil many times. They're keeping the beam on the edge of the foil, so it's always on… holding up the edge of the foil.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: try and stop the folding too hot. So it's sort of a bit of an arc, but really it does make a difference when you have this sort of beaky distribution, this less beaky distribution.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then again, it's easier, sometimes easier to keep the beam off the board, and it makes leaky distribution, so maybe you… so maybe you end up having a beak distribution and a non-beat distribution. It's a bit of a hard form. Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: JPART, they're real masters of this process. They do it really well. It's one of the reasons why JPART works so cleanly. They have 10 times more power, they still run very clean. They're very good at making bricks. We don't quite have the right hardware to do it, so we actually use… in horizontal, the reason it's a…
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: hit from talking about horizontal painting. Horizontal pain makes being used to squeeze into the syndicron dipoles back to move them horizontally.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Same time, longitudinal phase is changing energy, so it's quite complicated.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: How we… how we do it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It is a very deep process, they're looking.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Thank you.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Any last-minute questions?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If not, then let's time Chris again.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It would be recorded for lunch in less hybrids.