We will explain in a very literal way, why the message and a friend of sorts more.
And it would also explain why we have matter and all the matter in the universe, which is one that we listen to it.
So it's kind of a very important thing for this summer.
There are a number of nuclei that can undertone the triggers of the letter chain.
So one of the things called common sense, this is located in Japan, but these are lives at Xena.
As a kindness for the decay. The vector looks like this. Basically, it's a very big balloon that contains heat insulinator.
On the inside, there is a smaller balloon. This one, which also contains liquid, but also the sealer.
The idea is that if one of these nuclei of Xeon, undergoes failures of the metal chain.
To an actual total energy, and so you see an event with nothing coming from the outside, and the energy matches the endpoint.
And then you have these called the initial bit. Okay, so these have been taking data since the 2012 or so in different phases.
They measure the total energy released, and it kind of looks like this. So you have this portion on the left is the irreducible background.
This other bank is some really… I think this time they have some problems with information in silver.
The stock they're looking at should appear here, at the endpoint.
Okay? Uh… So I think this blue line here is what the signal would look like if it was there. Anyway, you don't see any excess of the data over the Monte Carlo, so they haven't seen it.
And then all they can do is to set. An upper, uh, lower limit on the half-life of the decay to start until the 26 years.
So, you know, the age of the universe is 10 to 11 years, so this is an enormous.
I haven't seen it. Another such experiment is called WILE. This is hosted in Italy.
And these were rather than Xenolo looks at tellurium, it's another of those nucleiates that do it.
So what it does is it has a bunch of these.
The cubic crystals of tellurium. And so, each of those crystals.
Again, one of the nuclear IDKs, you will have two electrons thrilling here that release some energy in the cube.
And then, how do you see it? The trick is that you carry the tube to extremely low temperatures and really have it.
Such that, the electrons are released and absorbed, there will be a change in temperature.
And that's what you measure. So imagine how precise you have to be.
To measure the change of temperature due to two electrodes. It's crazy. Crazy leave.
Sensitive. So this is called a beloved. Um, the vector looks like this. Basically, you have a big.
Reach, and inside there is a smaller, more powerful phrase, which is colder.
And inside, there is a folder, more powerful discolor, like a bachelovska kind of thing, and the innermost one is the coldest one.
That's the one that carries one kind of material to tell me it's healthy. This is, in fact.
The coldest, you know, meter cubed. In the universe.
Uh, okay, they've been taking data since 10 years or so.
The data looks like this. Again, all you can do is measure the total energy released in these kilometers.
Uh, this sloping curve over here is the reducible background. This is where your signal would show up, and then there is a linear lines that are all identified.
I'm an amazing editor of Lucian, I'd love you to interactivity.
Again, they see no excess. This is a Zoom team at the region of interest, there is this big peak, which is understood, the signal would show up here, but there is no excess.
And so, they accept the lean protected 35 years. Uh, and very briefly, this will, in the future, will be graded students from the factor called Cupid.
It is similar, but rather than the neurium, we have polytilone as a choice of isotopes, you have a crystal of polythenum at low temperature.
The advantages that molybdenum can be made in prestimulating material. So now you have two observables. You have the temperature change, but also some light is emitted.
Like a single letter, and the reliability factor at the top, so you also have the like signal.
In coincidence. This is what they look like, you know, this cube that is the successor of the top.
Complex. This is another experiment. This is located in China. Uh, you see that these have gone to different phases with the increasing amount of masks, because it's working fine.
Greater detectors. It's also been his laboratory, which is extremely deep.
On the ground, so very much screened from capitaries. The deck looks like this. It is a xenon time projection chamber, so it's a TPC.
We're getting material in semen, and if the nucleus decay, you will release some charges, and that's what you detect.
It's a dual phase, so the bottom portion is liquid, xenon, and.
Our portion was not seen them? Um, that's the spectrum they measure. You see, it's the same story for all that. You measure the total spectrum.
This is the usual background, this is some other stuff, the seed would show up here, they see nothing, and they suddenly need time to split 4.
Same story. Uh, the last one I want to mention is SuperNemo, because this one is pretty detailed.
Uh, because, you see, all the ones before, all you could do, you have one observable, which is the total energy.
The superneapot does it differently, because. It does see two separate tracks. The others do not have any tracking.
In this one, you do see two electrons, and you do see that they count on the same spot.
Z verifix, and we see that they meet them at the same time, and you measure the individual energies rather than the size.
So there are many more observables. Why that's important is because.
Eat the material is not looking at the day happens, you still need to know how it happens.
What is the underlying mechanism of final diagram? So, simplest version is what I mentioned before, is just exchange a light neutrino, but there can be.
More exotic things, like right-handed parts of the lit interaction, or the emission of the micron, which is an additional particle, and so on.
So to figure out what is the mechanism, you need the angular distribution, which is always super minimum can provide.
So the background looks like this, see, in the other experiments.
The source and the detector is the same thing. You have a cube, which is the source and the vector.
But in this one, the two fractions are separated. So the sources over here, which is a very thin foil.
Of the isotope of your choice, which shoots out the electrodes.
When the electrons move in a tracking checker, so you see two tracks.
Augmented curvature, because there's a magnet, so no directions are not positive.
And then they reach a wall at the end when there's a collaborator, which we launch a simulator with the PMT at the top.
Uh, so the golden event would look something like this. This is the file, one direction, the other direction, the parameters.
And the sum of the two electrons, giving you the endpoint.
As you see, this gives you many handles to reject the background differently than just based on the average.
Uh, Superintendo was very slow to start, I wasn't that, you know, 10 years ago.
Anyway, in April, they've taken the first beta-beta candidate, it looks like this, two electrons, very clearly coming out.
Unfortunately, the sum of the 2N, which is 1.5C, which is not the endpoint.
But anyway, it is valuable. And that time is up here.
Okay, so we will now be slightly, uh, shifting topics and talking about a lot of baseline experiments.
So here, uh, the method is a little bit different. So what we usually start off with is a linear neutrino, a new antimutino beam, and then we look at how this beam oscillates over a long distance.
And actually, at the conference, we had, uh. Nice talks from all of the currently running long baseline experiments, so from T2K and Nobel.
One experiment, which actually just started the data-taking, and that's too long. They started taking data at the end of August.
And then two of the flagship up-and-coming experiments, HyperK and Due.
So with this technique, usually, we need a meal and a file detector, so the near detector is there to constrain the system architects and to understand the initial beam composition, and then the farm detector is where we measure the acceleration parameters.
Uh, we started off with a nice book on conventional necino beans for these experiments.
So, normally, how we produce mutina beans for this type of experiment is we start off with.
High-energy protons, and then those protons bombard and extend the graphic circuit.
And what happens is protons interact into the target, and all sorts of hadrons come out.
And then they use memetic waters to focus those hot terms. And we wait for them to decay in flight. And it is from these in-flight decays of the hydrons.
That we get the Mutino beam. And typically, we can control the polarity, or the current of the horns, so if we focus positively charged atoms, these.
Really give us a neutrino being. And the negatively charged would give us an antilateral beam. So we have the option to switch between the two.
Now, another thing that was mentioned in the next talk, are the commonly used techniques for producing machino beans.
So one of the concepts is the so-called off-axis field. So if we look at the… Uh, kinematics of the Hadron behavior produced in the neutrino. If you look at pions, we can see that the energy of the outgoing neutrino depends on its, uh.
Angle with respect to the incoming pione reaction. So, uh, if we position our detector at a certain location, we can actually get a narrow.
And this is typically what the experiments that use this technique do.
So we position our detector at such a location that the pin is narrow, and it's at the right energy to observe an oscillation maximum.
And this is what St2K has done. Now, another technique that is also commonly used is that of the adjustable beamline configuration.
So this is, for instance, done with the Lumi being wide. So what they have the capacity to do is to change the location of the targets. So if they move the target a little bit more upstream, they end up directing the.
Lower angle and higher energy particles to the horns. And when they focus those higher energy patterns, they give us a higher energy neutrino being.
So you can see, with the newly being white, we have this option to ride within the high energy, medium energy, and low energy configuration.
Another technique, which is also sometimes used with, uh. A new key of beams is that of an all-axis YV.
And this is what the LB&F and Unix experiments will be using. So, the reason why a wide beam is interesting is because you can see here, we can span.
More than one oscillation maximum. So by observing two oscillation maxima, or even more, we can gain some sensitivity in terms of oscillation parameters.
Now, uh, another area that this talk talks about was the challenges that a lot of baseline experiments are facing as they ramp up to higher beam power.
Because high-pin power means that all the DLAN components need to be manufactured in a more sturdy way, and we need to think very carefully about cooling, the cooling requirements. Of course, we want higher lean power.
Because this gives us more statistics over a shorter time of time.
Actually, a very nicely treatment, which was, uh, the damage that they did and talked about in this talk, and which is relevant for us at trial, is that done with the technology department here. So the technology department at Europe has manufactured.
A new gene pack. So this is a target for the T2K and hyperplane experiments.
That we'll be able to operate at 1.3 megapoles. So this target had to be redesigned in terms of the cooling capacities that we've used so far.
Because of the higher power that they're going towards. And this has been produced at the technology department in Rao.
As you can see here, we also had a visit from the spokesperson of Superman, Professor Nakata Masayoki. He came to the Technology Department to see these targets.
And actually, now it has been shipped to Japan. So what we are hoping is that we will be able to install this new target in the summer of 202.
And their own future T2K and HyperK data-taking will rely on this new design.
So this was a little bit of an introduction on Mutino beans.
And now we will be talking about news from the Novi Express, and I talk about that lastly, so… So, this is located in the United States, we have this beam of neutrinos, beam of new moons.
Despite from Fergilob, they run, what, 800 kilometers, and they arrive at the front detector in Minnesota, so you have a near detection.
Um, the two detectors, the near and the far, are functionally identical, except the far one is much bigger, so this is the size of a person.
What the factors look like is there are arrays of this.
Strips of plastic sculpture, so when a particle comes in. It produces light in the street, and the light is confined in the strip, because the edges are coated.
And then there's a fiber that runs through it and captures the light and carries it.
Your EFT. Uh, so these are the… unlike all the other neutrino detectors, which are usually deep underground. This one is on the surface.
Which means that it's… all the time receiving a very large number of cosmic rays. As you see, this is an example of an event display where the beams will be coming from the left, from these tracks.
So vertical, actually, cosmic fields. Actually, this shows how good the detector is, I mean, you can see how nicely, which it all tracks.
The tech is very good, because despite this background, he manages to eliminate it without the need to go underwork.
Atlas is not the terrible cos. And so they measure oxidation parameters, for example, they measure this theta to 3 angle. That's the one that is close to 45 who we don't know.
Exactly. So you see the measure of sine squared equal 2, 3, it's very close to 0.5.
But it could be a bit less or a bit more.
That's the liking of the bodies. And it changes to incorporate restraints from other experiments, so we don't know exactly. We also measured delta M.
Three tool, the mass splitting of the 3 and 2 mass eigenstates.
Actually, so, for example, this block shows the global measurement of this data in 32 parameter.
Do you hear? These are different experiments, low bar ice cream, T2K, super K immunos, and so on.
There is general agreement between them, and Nova gives. The most stringent, the lowest error, smallest error.
Ah, yes, now on T2K. So, typically, it's another one of the imaging or finishing experiment. We have a baseline of 300 kilometers at our plate, so we produce the beam on the eastern coast of Japan, the J-pat facility I mentioned, and we use this for packaging technique.
And then the file detector is super familiar kind of, of course, the Nobel Prize winning, world-famous genetic detector.
And you can see we have a need detector complex, which characterizes very precisely the initial view structure and constrains our systematics.
So, in terms of the oscillation analysis, we had a nice talk at the conference presenting Teeterface's latest constellation results. I just wanted to demonstrate here everything that goes into an observation analysis.
So we need a flexible model. The flex model relies on the simulation, but also it's tuned to external carbon production data.
We did a cross-section model, and this comes from a cross-section generator, so this is something that theorists and terminologists developed for us.
But again, it's tuned to external and also internal cross-section data.
Uh, we, uh, models for our two detectors. And then, of course, data from the near and from the private sector.
Only 2K, we always do two analyses. One is in the frequencies, the other is in the Bayesian probability framework.
And the tool needs to converge for something to be reported as a result.
Now, I briefly wanted to mention the selection and the lead detector, so what kind of data do we use at the nerve detector, and also mention our internal program of cross-section measurements for C2K.
So the main detective facility that we have is actually multiple. So we have more than one new detector. All of these detectors are only 200, uh, just over 200 meters away from the collection point, or the VIN.
So no oscillations have happened yet. And you can see, these are the different, uh, off-axis angle positions.
So we have the English detector, which is not magnetized, it's on axes. Then we have a Nashian baby mind. This is 1.5 degrees vortexes.
This detector includes a water target, which is interesting, because the power detector has water as the target material. So this gives us some nice constraints with this type of template.
And then we have the antitrating detector, which is at the same off-axis angle as super clear conduct. And this is where we select.
Events for our oscillation analysis from. And you can see this detector has a very complicated modular structure, but this is also its strength, because it allows us to perform all kinds of measurements.
The selection of events that the mere detector is as follows. So you can see, if you look at the energy of the C2K beam.
At ND280, around 600 MeB. Most of the interactions are charged current or the elastic interactions.
So the final diagram for this, you can see the neutrino interacts with, uh.
And nuclear as a whole, so it doesn't result in internal structure between the, uh, within the nucleon.
But you can see we also have some charge-current interactions with resonance production.
Here is the time diagram for this process. So often here, we look at pions in the final state.
And then also we could have some deep analysis scattering with many particles in the final state.
And when we prepare samples for the oscillation analysis, we don't quantify them in terms of.
The interaction types and interaction properties. Because these three pipeline diagrams, these are showing a single free nuclei.
But of course, don't forget the nucleus are inside the nucleus.
And the detective can only see what leaves the nucleus, so there's many sorts of final-state interactions undergone by these products.
So, we classify interactions in terms of the final stage topology.
So he had CCD on pi events. These are events where in the final state in the detector, we don't see a pile.
So most of these events are touched on for the last week, but for instance, we could have some resonant events when the time is absorbed in the nucleus, and it looks like CC0 pi.
So we can see zero pi, CC1 pi, and CC other samples for an oscillation analysis.
And then, in terms of the cross-section results that we do, I also wanted to flash this. So we had a talk on cross-section results that I gave, uh, for C2K. So here you can see T2K's.
A data-taking program for cross-sections. Starting from 2013, when we published the first analysis, all the way up to now.
And here you can see all of these CC0 pi, CC1 pi, and other types of.
Interaction channels, and you can see all the publications that we've made since then. Even if we look at the last year, you can see, uh, multiple publications in the last year.
So we have a very niche program of taking these measurements, and this always feeds into the phenomenological models for machine learning interactions.
Now, at the time detector, the selection is a little bit different. The file detector is, of course, the water channel detector, so basically look for the wings.
So if we have a diffuse ring, it's going to come from electron-neutrino interactions, because electrons scatter more in the tank.
In the water tank. And sharp rings come from unuclear interactions.
So you can see we have 6 samples, so the samples are split by neutrino and anti-neutrino modes.
Whether the ring is new or live or electron-like. And then we also have two additional samples for church-parent interactions with the pioneer in the pilot state. And they identify this pilot by the presence of a second Scharenko ring.
From the decaying electron. So for these cases, we actually have two photorem topics.
So these are the samples that we use in the oscillation analyses. Now, in terms of the data presented at the conference, you can see this was typically rank 1 to 11.
So we had a 2.5 times 10 to the 21 POT in neutrino mode.
1.6 times 10 to the 21 in anti-neutrino mode. And keep in mind that we collected more data since then, and actually, a lot of this additional data is being updated in Hector, so this is something that will come out in due course. Analysis is on point.
But for what was shown at the point parenthes. And here you can see our result for the delta CP parameter. So this is the parameter that would signify whether CT violation occurs when it doesn't.
If you look at the Delta chi-scale distribution as a function of delta CP, you can see that we prefer a value of delta CP around minus pi over 2.
So this would be for a maximum CP violation. You can also see that CP conservation is excluded.
Uh, with a 90% confidence level. So, if you look here at the 90% confidence level, and we just about exclude the values of delta CP is 0 and 18.
Which would be the two CP conserving values. And we also measured other oscillation parameters. So here you can see for delta M squared P2.
What our result is on the left-hand side. Here you can see, again, 1 sigma, 2 sigma, 90% confidence level, uh, limits.
For normal and inverted mass ordering, because we don't know what the true mass ordering is.
And then also, if you look at the… This is the angle where we don't know in which oructant it lies, if it's 45 degrees or not.
So this is our result. You can see. The T2K data doesn't resolve the occult yet.
So we have some, uh, probability that it lies both, uh, uh, over and under the value of 45 degrees. So T2K data on its own right now can't resolve this often yet.
Another thing that we reported on is our joint results with Supercario Kante.
So T2K detects these beam neutrinos. But Super Tamirca Hande, our part detector, can also measure admusality neogenous.
And the reason why it's nice to combine those two results is because atmospheric neutrinos.
Span the same energy range as T2KB neutrinos, and then on top of that.
This can, uh, more energy at higher energies. But the fact that they shared some of the energy range, and the fact that we use the same detector to.
Detect those two types of events, make them attractive to be combined in a single analysis, and then increase the detection sensitivity.
So here you can see, for the super chemical plant atmospheric data, we're using superchemical kind of 4, so this is the data-taking period 4.
You can see there's a lot of additional data available for us to use later on, and you can see which D2P data we use as well.
So the result here, well, first, in terms of the. Analysis that we performed. So, for this very first measurement, the neutrino flux models are not correlated yet.
So this is going to be done for the next, uh, example.
The detector models are fully correlated, as they should be, and then for the neutrino interaction models.
We correlate them for the energy range which is shared between the two data sets.
So, 0 to 2 GB, uh, energy, like, the interaction model, and we use the constraint for T2K smear factor.
And now here, as to show the results. So, uh, on the left-hand side, for the delta X squared 3, 2, you can see that we have a similar result as that particular only way.
So combining Super K and D2K, this is the red curve. Obviously, super K on its own is not very sensitive to this parameter, and then combining it with T2K gives us a curve which is just.
Slightly sharper than the T2P one. A similar sensitivity at the moment.
And then, if you look at the same 2-3 parameter. So here, the T2K result has a slight preference for a value which is more than 45 degrees. And the super K1 at a slight preference for a value under 45 degrees, so actually now we are at a stage where.
We are sort of compatible with maximum mixing at the moment, at the current statistics, at least.
And then another thing for the Delta CP value, so both D2K and super K favor a value of the CPU of minus pi over 2.
So, maximum safety violation. And we can see also here, there's a clear enhancement in sensitivity, so the T2K color is the blue one.
You can see this is a sleeper current, and we have an overall exclusion of a delta-specific conserving value of 2.5 sigma.
So this is where we are at the moment. Uh, in terms of the patterns for normal ordering, mass ordering, we have a rejection of inverted ordering at 1.2 sigma, and here we expect a big improvement when we add.
More SuperK data that we have. Because actually, Super K data, because atmospheric machinos that travel through the Earth, and depending on the zenith angle, they travel different distances to the Earth.
That make the effect give us a lot of sensitivity for mass or deadly.
So we expect improvements here. So, in conclusion, so what was shown were oscillation results, T2K on its own.
And where we can exclude sepi conservation at 90% continence level. And here, we are really looking forward to this future analysis where we can use the ND280 update data.
And then for the joint result, we really want to use more of the Supply data, which is available, and that's going to be the next iteration of the joint phase.
Now, I've mentioned that we're going to use more of the upgrade data, so I briefly wanted to mention T2K's new detector upgrade.
And this is something better than how it would play a very big part in terms of detector commissioning and integration in the global data ecosystem.
So here you can see the original ND280, which I've mentioned. This is this highly modular detector, and if you look at this sub-detector points.
You can see what we did. So we took part out, and we installed Super FGP.
So, Super LGD is a fine-grained detector made of one cubic centimeter plastic cubes.
And there's actually 2 million of those. So this has been a sample by hand, and this detector gives us an unprecedented.
A resolution and attacking thresholds as well. So you can see it has been placed in the middle of the pod location, and then up and down from it a two-high end-of-time projection chambers.
And then this is all encircled with time of flight detectors.
So, a commissioning case happened in 2023 and 24, so this has been completed, and we are taking data with this.
Upgraded detector. So, uh, here you can see some of the nice event displays, which we received, uh, during the commissioning period.
So, first one thing to notice, all of these events, if you look at the timing of the events.
The timing aligns with the beam bond structure that we sent to the detector. So we didn't know that these are events from our C2KB.
And then here, in every case, you can see the events display, and then we're zooming into the interaction vertex.
So, if you look at the top figure, you can see the nice resolution that we have for events where the interaction occurs off of what we think is a correlated nucleon pairing.
So not the single nuclear, but two nucleiams, so we have two protons in the final state.
And then we also have a long muon fact. So these are nice events that give us a handle on these so-called 2P2H processes.
Then, at the bottom figure, here, another interesting event. So here we have a pione in the final state.
We think this is a pilot candidate event, and then you can see also on Michelle Electron from the cloud decay.
And then lastly, here, what we can see is that. Is an event with a short, uh, proton tag, and the long run track.
And actually, this one we want track is at a very large angle with respect to the incoming beam direction. So with the previous final beam detector, we actually had no detector acceptance for these high-end events. Now we do.
So, again, this is very nice for us. In terms of what this data is going to allow us to do, this upgrade data, so we had to open this, and first of all, it's going to reduce the tracking thresholds for protons.
So every material interaction is going to happen off from a neutron in the detector, and there's going to be a proton in the final state. But often, we don't see those protons, because their energy is too low.
That used to be the case with the original MD280. Actually, we used to have to have.
The proton go through four layers of the 5-gane detector in order to… for it to be reconstructed as a track.
Because at the time being detector persisted of scintillator bars. So van Barr could only give two.
Positional information, and we need pre… for a single point. So, the check needed to go for 4 layers, whereas now it's enough for it to go through two layers.
Because every, uh, every hit is a cue. So we have the full 3D information for a single hit.
And you can see that this moves the threshold from around 450 MeV per C for those photons.
Down to 300 MeV per seat. And then when we select our signal or oscillation analysis, we are having a much purer signal than what we used to have, in terms of pure CC quaselastic interactions.
Another nice thing that Super LGB will allow us is that to detect neutrons. So what we can do now is we can search for the.
Secondary interaction vertex of the neutron before it's thermalized. And then by looking at the distance between the primary and the secondary vertex, we can figure out the kinematics of the neural structure.
So here you can see one of the event displays during the commissioning period for one such interaction.
And here you can see, uh, so this is the incoming new neutrino, the primary interaction vertex. We have a pione and a muon tract.
And then, the secondary vertex of the neutron is displaced by roughly 12 centimeters, and this corresponds to a kinetic energy of the neutron around.
30 MEP. So again, this is something that will be incorporated into the oscillation analysis.
Another attractive feature is that we will improve our selection of electromycling events with Super FGD.
So, a lot of contamination for the electrode of selection at the near detector are immense with photons in the kind of state, because the photon pill produces, and if we only see one of those electrons on a positron, it looks like a single electron.
Well, with Super LTD, we can actually distinguish between a photon and a single electron or a positron.
Because we can look at the energy deposition in those cubes, and for a pair produced photon, the energy deposition is going to be double that.
As from a single electrode or procedure. So this is something that we can, uh, yeah, look forward to with this new data set.
So, just at least some people are thinking for that. And now we talk about the two big experiments of the future, which are hyper-K energy.
It's a hypercane will be hosted in Japan. It has four pieces, so you have the laboratory where you shoot the beam, like Amazon explained, they have the mirror detector, which is the same as a duplicate that we just described.
They have the fire detector, which is called. And as usual, you measure the being at the beginning, and you measure the beam at the end, and you see things change.
And then there's one additional one in HyperKey, which is called the intermediate detector.
So you have one more, you know, along the line, just actually closer.
So, Hydro K, of course, expands on the previous experiments, so this was Kamiocana.
Then, Super Kamikale was built, which is 8 times. The usual volume, and now hypercase beef, which is, again, 8 times bigger evolution volume.
Just skating docs, but being very conservative. On the structure, so it's this big, um, larger chairs of tent.
Line with PMT, so if I'm not gonna have. Over 20,000 PMTs, these are large, half meter diameter PMTs, and also different types of.
Multi-mill, multi-modules. Um, the faction principle, I don't have to explain again. The trailer comes in, it makes the try and lie, because it's moving…
Chart practices faster than life in water. So, on the wall, it projects the rain, and by the… how the rain moves, you can tell it's a new or a movie.
8… thumbs up 24. I'll say a couple words about this intermediate detector, because it's a new thing.
So, there are two ideas here. The first one is that.
The mere factor of D2K is rather different from the target vector.
This makes things very complicated, because you try to compare the two measurements, but they have different systematics, different targets.
So instead, this intermediate factor is basically a mini coming. So it looks just the same as the fire detector, except it's much smaller. That's the first thing.
The second thing is that this one is movable, it's mounted basically on an elevator that moves up and down.
You know, sit in a 50 meter… The Yelp matches the following, exactly.
The team is actually testing either here, under the cross of the earth, under your feet.
So, when you're at the bottom-most position, you're close to the beam center. And when you move up, you move further away, so you spend different cortexis angles.
And my family, as I've explained before, by doing a different attachment angle, you probe different energy portions of the beam.
I know it's kind of clever, because depending on where you are, you know what the average is.
Without having to measure it. Um, I just, like, Hydragon will do some very nice results. For example, this is a measurement of the delta's p-value. So this is the true value delta spi, which we don't know, although there are hints that it's somewhere around here.
So this plot shows, you know, after 10 years. With how many sigma.
Can we exclude that CT easier? So, you see, index P is maximized… if P is maximally violated, so you're here or here.
The semen is very large. You look at that 9 sigma level.
But if delta CPE is closed. And it's much harder to measure, but the signal is very… There's more.
Um, the Holy Rail. So this detector one polygraph.
Is the nuclear decay, which is the reason why they were originally created fast, because these are big amounts of water, and the water has hydrogen, hydrogen is just a proton.
So there's lots of problems in the stands. And if one of those protons decay.
Like many great unification theorists predict. But then again, you will have spontaneous release of energy in the pack will not be coming from gouts.
So that's never been measured. There are many hypothetical ways in which the problem can be cading, and for some of those hypercase metrics and some of those units better. Hyperk is better when you produce.
You know, a charged particle that the main track. So when these two channels, proton goes into positrophy0, or we go into the frame of K.
Uh, hypercase vector, and this shows that as a function of the year.
You know, what hotline you can reach, order of 10 to 34 years.
Let's see, incredibly large. Right? Uh, the time limit for hierarchy looks like this, especially in only 2 years.
We will start taking data. It's really next near the corner.
And, uh, the status covered as the next committed fully now. This is actually the largest.
Minimally covenant worked. You can see a first one here. Alarmous.
And, um, we're building it now, and many PMTs have been tasked with it.
Uh, June? Is the big complementary-slash-competitor.
Experiment that has a very similar physics reach. But a very different technology and way it does it.
Or just wanted to. So, June, uh, is in the United States.
Again, the data being from Fermilot, and now it travels very long distance, 1300 kilometers, just under the Earth, not even a tube.
Detected in South Dakota by the government. So, um, like, also, as I've mentioned before, the being in HyperK is nano-band.
It's almost monochromatic and train up in 600 LV, whereas the deal beam is wideband, expands, you know, 4 GBs of energy, it's much wider.
Because you want to have different energies, because you want to be able to see the first and the second installation max.
The distance is fixed, but change the energy, so you change the oscillation.
The main attacker looks like this. I will not go into the details, other than the 10. I mean, the point of the detector is always to measure the P before task releases.
But I will just mention this, uh, thing, which is a movable detector, just like the one in Hybridgate, but only to enhance the complementarity of the two factors.
The HyperK1 moves vertically. And the duo one moves, for example.
I don't think that's the same idea, and it stands with the access angle.
And then you have the part that goes. Well, the fart detector looks like? First of all, it's modular.
The light hypertension. We build the module, and then we have more family breathing.
More modules to make it bigger. As this stage.
Process. Uh, the technology is people are going TPC, so these are time tracking chamber in which the medium is liquid argon at low temperatures.
And there are two ways to do it, either horizontal drift.
Where the charges you produce are drifted horizontally onto the cathode.
Or vertical drift, and both of them will be done in stages.
The first one they would make is the vertical group doesn't understand, and then they're going.
Um, the physics reach… So, the idea is like this. You should…
New muse, you check that there are new muse in the rear detector, and then that the fire detector.
You measure if some new leaves have appeared, because they are specific.
So you look for new ease in the product market. And then you do the same with antimicro. You shoot anti-miniators, and you look for anti-nuities.
And now you compare matter and antimatter behavior. Like, any isolation is different for neutrino and anti-neutrino being.
That's when you know the recipe violation. So, this new leader appeared architecture are rare by the today standard, but they will be a bundle to these future experiments.
So, for example, this shows the spectrum of new ways that we predicted to appear.
The fire detector, and you see the statistics is several hundreds of deaths.
For neutrinos and a midlife for granting neutrino, because the anterior neutrinos are.
Um, and this shows, again, what the dune can achieve, so it tells you.
As a function of the years of writing. But is the resolution that you can achieve on this data CP parameters. You see, they can.
They probably come a bit later, but they can do very precise measurement, like, within 10 degrees.
Of the true value of that speed. So what we're doing is now we're supposed to start, so while HyperKid will start in 2028, we will start.
One year later, the last quarter of 2029. We also have excavated.
Conference in order to store stuff. And the last thing I want to mention, there are two protogue modules that have been tested at CERN.
Both for the vertical and for the horizontal drift. And, uh, this picture kind of shows.
The exceeding quality of the imaging that you can obtain. With the liquid urban technology.
Oh yeah, just briefly to mention one final long basin experiment. It classifies as a long basin experiment. It's a Julo, so this is the Jungben Underground Matrino Observatory.
So it's a liquid scintillator detector, 20 kilotons, located in southern China, you can see.
And the reason why this is interesting is we had a talk from this experiment just before they started data table.
So, uh… you can see their physics goals, how to measure, to determine the nuclear mass ordering, and when we were showing the sensitivity plots from, let's say, Hyper K, we always had those two curves, if that's ordering is known, or if it's not. Well, dual could be one of the experiments that tells us the mass, or the name so that we have a better sensitivity. Uh, you can see the other thing is.
They want to precisely determine the oscillation parameters, these three ones here.
And then, in terms of where the neutrinos will be coming from, Jumo is roughly 50 kilometers from two nuclear reactors.
And we call it Juno, it's the Juno car detector, and you can see, uh, there also are, uh, in the process of constructing dural tau.
An hour, which is going to be at the position pretty much next to one of these nuclear reactors. So this they can use.
Sort of as a needle detector. And then you can see the position of Juno is at the optimal distance for observing the anti-electron neutrino disappearance.
In terms of the reach that Juno can have with reactive neutrinos, on the left-hand side, you can see the expected sensitivity for determining the mass for the ring.
And I think this is… so we… they expect three sigma sensitivity in 6 and a half years.
Data-taking, if they just use reactor machinos. But they will also have access to atmosphatic machinery as well.
And then again, just using reactive neutrinos, if they want to determine the oscillation parameter, it's more sensitively.
You can see the values on the errors of the acceleration parameters from the PDG published, like, in 2024.
And only 100 days of journal data taken actually, uh, improves on.
Most of those. So, Juler can really provide very precise measurements.
And you can also see, actually, when the talk was given at the conference, Jura was preparing to start a day that they need Saturday on the 26th of August.
And now, the last topic switch is to talk about astrophysical necinos.
So we had a couple of talks covering these topics. Uh, in terms of the… astrophysical nutrients, the reason why they are interesting is because these are the highest energy neutrinos that we see.
And also the highest energy particles, really, that we were deserved.
Uh, the running detectors, there's a free running detectors that use the Chenko technology. So these are ice cubes, which is located in the South Pole.
At KMPNet, which is in the Mediterranean Sea, and it has at least two, uh.
Instrumented areas, ARTA and ORCA, which were off the coasts of Italy and France.
And then there is also the bicycle. Giganton volume detector in the Python Lake in Siberia.
And so the techniques for all three of these experiments are largely the same. We always have these strings, which are suspended in the water, and then these are instrumented with what we call sensors.
Optical modules. Uh, so, uh… we had results presented from IceQ. First of all, in terms of extragalactic neutrinos.
So I think has actually identified two forces. If you look at the map of the sky here, you can see we have these sources are located. So these are two point sources where external Arctic neutrinos.
However, um… These sources are not bright in high-energy gamma rays. So if you look at the telescope information, we don't see any bright light coming from here. So probably the candidates for what these sources are would have to be some kind of active galactic nuclei, which are obscurves.
So, which are not bright in high-energy gammas, but they can be bright in the next phase.
So, now analysis around wanting to see what kind of obscured allocated galactic nuclei could correspond to these sources. And they are actually looking at different.
Neighboring galaxies in the southern hemisphere, and performing analysis to see, uh.
If any of them correlate with these sources, and they are seeing some pretty seed map evidence.
So this was for extragalactic neutrinos. Also, ICUB is searching for galactic neutrinos. So, if we look at our galaxy, the Milky Way, along the galaxy plane.
You can see the top figure here shows us the optical gammas and the gamma rays. So this is a map.
Of the galactic plane in those garments. But then, if you look at the bottom-most map, this is a map of our Milky Way plane. In terms of the observed neutrinos.
And actually, the different colors, the color map. Corresponds to the significance for observing neutrinos coming from this plane. So the way how the analysis is performed.
Icecube is comparing different diffuse emission models. To a background-only hypothesis, using its data coming from the galactic plane. And they're seeing some 4.5.
Sigma significance for identifying neutrinos from the galactic plane, and now they are combining cascade and track events for increased sensitivity and to be able to claim discovery of these galactic neutrinos.
For galactic neutrinos, there is some complementary evidence from other experiments as well. So, antiparis also observed a 2.2 sigma excess.
In the galactic plane, and KMPNet is not sensitive yet, because if you look at the sensitivity.
Curves of KMC are… they are apart from the ice cube forms. But some preliminary, uh, analysis from Vital also show some excess in this frame.
So, it seems like we are reaching some kind of complementarity there for the evidence for galactic neutrinals.
Another interesting feature of IceTube that was reported on was the fact that IceCube can actually determine the neutrino flavor.
So, depending if an event is a cascade or a balance, or if it has a double burst structure, we can figure out if it was an electron, muon, or found neutrino. So ice tube can actually generate these maps of the frayment composition.
For all of the Lucino candidate events that we each hit.
And it's currently the only experiment that can do this for astrophysical neutrinos, but other experience might have this capacitor later.
Then, the unexpected, so we also had the result reported from KM3Net ARCA of a very high-energy event. So this is a very bright new one, which crossed.
The detector, which is in the Mediterranean. Almost horizontally. And this event, you can actually see it here. If you look at the number of triggered PMTs on the y-axis, and then on the x-axis is the zenith angle, you can see a single event.
We did a huge amount of GF PMTs, much more so than anything else. So this came from a neutrino with a media and energy of 220 patelectron volts.
So this is the highest. I think practical that we never observed. And this was reported in Nature, beginning of this year.
Uh, there are no sources identified for this material yet, because the angular arrow is still quite large, and actually no similar events were observed by IceCube or Bifow. So there is currently a pretty single-level tension between.
Pain-free next to these other ongoing active experiments. Then, in terms of the future, well, for Chenko detectors, we've had a couple of other talks at the conference as well. We had a talk from P1 and Trident that I'll discuss, uh.
Briefly, and then we also, uh. Kids have mentioned of going to even higher energies and using detectors which use other techniques.
So it's not maybe they do frequency techniques for high energy particles.
Now, P1, so this is a future experiment, which is in the design stage, and it will be located in Canada, off the coast of British Columbia. So it would be the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment, and you can see a similar technique as what, let's say, what IScript is doing. So we would have these 1 kilometer long booming lines, every line with 20 modules.
Currently, PMI frequency is entering the demonstrator stage, where they want to deploy a single Boolean line.
And then the food detector will be from 2030 onwards. I mean, in the future, it's still… a bit in the future.
Uh, one interesting thing about the technique that they're developing, so for the optical modules.
Every optical module, in addition to the multiple PMTs, will also contain two acoustic receivers. And the idea is that PY would like to have a very precise timing resolution on the order of 1 nanosecond.
So, a precise timing resolution requires a relative positioning from neighboring optical volumes.
Which is on the order of 20 centimeters or so. So they are saying that this timing positioning is going to come from this acoustic receivers, which are coupled directly to the glass of the optical modules.
So they are currently working on the calibration of these acoustic receivers to figure out what kind of position sensitivity they can have.
Another thing that they observed, they have deployed some of these modules in the water, and they actually encountered this issue of biosuckling. So basically, what they saw is that the outward-facing optical modules developed, you can see some growth on them, which led to a 65% drop in efficiency.
But this wasn't set up for the downward-facing modules. So they are looking at some techniques for a biofounding quilting to mitigate this.
You can see the location has been determined, potentially, for this detector, and it's just off the coast of British Columbia. You can see the ground there is the depth of roughly 2.6 kilometers.
2 degrees wouldn't have it should get it out, and more credits as well.
So, in the future for P1, what we are told is they are looking for a module of opportunity in the spring of this coming year, 2026.
To deploy this single module. With the optical detectors.
So this was sort of the P1 experiment, and then another experiment that we, uh, heard about was the trident excitement. So Trident is a similar idea as P1. It would be in the South China Sea.
And again, this is another future experiment, where they are currently in the stage of.
Fine-tuning the detector configuration, in terms of the spacing between the lines that hold the optical modules.
And also, how many pre-PMTs per module would we need, and what PMT size.
And as you can see here, using this hybrid digital optical module structure, so they want to use a combination of PFTs and also SIPLs.
Which I think SAP has not used before for these types, detectors.
They can also identify a position which, from the physics perspective, is very favorable for the detector, and you can see it here in the South China Sea.
This position has been approved by China, but. Other countries also lay claim to this position. So this is a slightly politically challenged position. This was also discussed at the conference.
And this pretty much brings us to the end of the content summary, so thank you, everyone, for your attention.