STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The volume.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Thanks.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, yeah. Let let me get started, and I'll start with not talking about particle physics, but sort of a reminder of climate change and what we actually send, I mean, I hope we all agree. That it is a problem, but it's also to some extent good
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or good to have a reminder of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how dire maybe this situation actually is. And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so this is a plot that basically shows you how much outside the normal range. We actually are. So here, you see, in blue, the scale is sort of the carbon dioxide index
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: over the last few 100,000 years.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you see the past couple of years it has been rising tremendously. So this is sort of where it was at the time of what was made, and this is sort of where this, at the concentration that we are at now and then in red, you have the temperature scale with respect to a specific normal 0 that was defined as reference. And you see how sort of the red, the temperature curve
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: basically basically nicely follows the Co 2. Now, of course this is a correlation of the causation, but there is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There is some indications that this is very, very intertwined, and that the Co. 2 actually causes causes it. And if we look at this curve, then this gives at least some reason to consider.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the current impact is something that we already see. So we see impacts of rising temperatures. We had to drop all the way in
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: march April. Here in the Uk as well. There was so dry. A colleague of mine basically planted new grass outside and said he thought it wouldn't be a problem. He just planted the grass, but then he had to water it every single day.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but to actually growing, I mean, this is something you wouldn't think of that. It happens in the Uk. We've seen Flood. We've seen high temperatures, severe weather events with basically millions of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: billions of damages. One example, that sort of 2 years ago was the storm, Daniel. It was one of the deadliest Mediterranean, tropical like cyclones.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Had 2 million more than 2 billion dollars, 2 billion euros in damage and cost. This is shown here quite some devastation in Greece's most fertile place. So that is basically 20% of the harvest of that beer destroyed of that country, but also long term damage to the fields due to slip, and that means the fields will not necessarily recover
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that easily.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There were more than 4,000 deaths in Libya. And basically, this event was up to 10 to 50 times more likely due to climate change.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it's clear that not all of these extreme weather events are caused directly by climate change, but their occurrence will get more and more frequent, and to give you some backstory.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The question of whether it's weather or climate, actually has some resemblance to particle physics. So extreme weather events have some finite probability, and therefore just can happen. This finite probability is strongly influenced by climate conditions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's a relatively new field in meteorology and climate science that's called extreme event attribute or attribution science. And it uses statistical methods and concepts that are not too far from particle physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there's 2 points you can make here. One is that you can use that framework in order to show how much the current level of climate change is fully, is attributed to human activity. This is shown here, where you have the change from pre-industrial temperature.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: As function of time. And you compare the observed temperature, the human and natural, human and natural drivers and natural drivers only, and then in around the fifties. Basically, this completely splits. And you see that within the uncertainties.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so that you have a complete
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: evidence that this is driven by human and not by by natural sources. So natural only is basically just a flat line.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sort of in summaries in in this attribution sign. So the climate sets the probability, like the cross section, and the weather is a single event that you draw from that probability. So it's like a collision from that cross section, so you can attribute probabilities of signals or background, or human made versus natural climate will signal that event.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that is how this is sort of related to particle physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and there have been political consequences. It's also important to mention that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there is the Paris agreement that was drafted in November 30th to December 2015 it came into effect November 16, th and is now
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: ratified and succeeded by more than 195 signatories and the goals of the Paris agreement are basically to hold the global average temperature well between well below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there is a push to also adapt to adverse impacts and foster climate resilience and make finance flows consistent with the pathway towards low emissions and climate resilience, development. And of course, all of these 3 points, especially the the last 2 months, will have an impact on funding and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Anyways, we are allowed or not allowed to spend our money.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If we translate the Paris agreement into voice. Then this means we want a reduction to 0 emissions around the year 20
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 100. That sounds like a lot of time. But basically, the 5 of the reduction of 50% of this reduction should be achieved by 2030. This is in the next 5 years.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I mean the bayside. It's also not today, but it's a few years back.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but still so that is also shown here, where there's the gigaton emissions in black, you see, sort of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: current rise of the emissions, and then you sort of the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what lines these emissions follow? If we are just looking at the current policies, and that would correspond to a temperature increase of 2.5 2.9°C. And then these are the curves that we need to follow, to limit the warming to 2°C and 1.5°C.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if you think about it, 50% reduction within the next 5 years, okay, not not from today on, but
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's still very, very tough. And if you recall, there's a lot of political errors on whether we should just write the scores or not.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But given what what I've shown you, and sort of a lot of other sources.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's actually much cheaper to try to go with it
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to go through with it now than to basically sit it out and have billions and billions of damages accumulated.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how do we reach this, if we want to go to net 0. We also need to talk about the energy gap. So that that is some primary measure that you can discuss.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is basically energy consumption.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as function of time and it shows the different sources. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: coal, oil, gas. And then the renewables that are shown here. There is, of course, an extrapolation that we will continue to use more and more and more energy because there's more and more people on the planet, and there are still a lot of countries that need to be developed.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the actual need will be rising.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But what we need to do with the fossil fuels, as shown here, is basically to go down. So there's a huge energy gap of sort of Co free production that we need to fit.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's some options. If you just naively look at the problem, one is to expand Co 2 free energies
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: by a factor of 12 in 7 years or 5 years increase energy efficiency by a factor of 2 in 7 years, so that examples for this would be electrification of end books.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: electrification of engines or energies for lightning, which were which were a factor of 10 more efficient and already introduced to the EU quite a few years back, and I remember in Germany there was a big big fight of basically putting all the energy efficient stuff in, but I think nowadays no one regrets it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then, of course, the other thing is to save energy by a factor of 2 as well. That means less travel, fewer consumer items and energy priority given to essential things, and then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: certainly, in fact and particle physics. The question is,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: are we essential, or are we not essential?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that is also the reason why sustainability matters for particle physics so legal. For example, in Germany scientists have committed to the Co. 2
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a new pro by 2023,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and many countries demand to reach the Paris agreement, and that also means that might decide to cut certain efforts that hinder them. Doing this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and funding also, most likely will be tied to sustainability in the future. There is already some mention of this in the European strategy. 2020. Just a few days ago the Dfg, the German
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Research Society. So the the equivalent of Ukri basically announced that they require for all new funding applications to have a sustainability strategy in there, or some sustainability statement.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's also some, some things that are a little bit more soft. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we can also use it in outreach. Basically, we might want to tell the world in the future how sustainable we are and how we got there. And we can also
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: use this to benefit. So society to basically use particle physics as a showcase to show how a sector can be made more sustainable to be a role model.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it's also something that's very much considered for future colliders. This here is a panel discussion that was had last year at the Itep Conference, or the biggest conference in particle physics, and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Fabiola. Giovanni, as the ex-director of Cern basically said.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: made made the points that sustainability has become more and more important. And it's important that our field within sort of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sustainability is also a role model, so becomes a model of sustainable research and show that research can be done in a sustainable way. So the idea is to really ramp up these efforts and to also adhere a future collider to these standards.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So just a few words, for this is how the rest of the talk, now that we come to the actual physics is split up. So one is sort of where do we stand? What's the current status in our field, and I go through a report that we brought out with a couple of people that looks at the different sections
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in in the in particular physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then I say a few words on conferences that are happening in the field, a few words on the Fcc, so basically, what's the future? And then the rest, which is about initiatives and plans.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so if we look at sustainability in particle physics sort of right now. So, as I said there was a paper in gins that was published this year. It's just a sort of state of the art report in a relatively sort of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: light way, and it reports in alphabetical order on computing, energy, food, mobility, research, infrastructure, and technology. This is also how I will go through that if you look at the report. It's quite long, and it also includes some best practices case studies in general, very general recommendations that are split sort of in individual actions, further group actions and institutional actions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The general outcome of the general call is that assessing, reporting on and defining targets and undertaking coordinated efforts to limit negative impacts
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: on the world's climate and ecosystem must become an integral part of how we plan and undertake our research. And I mean that fits very nicely into the strategy that you have discussed today. So if we look at workplace emissions in the ecop right now, there is a nice
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sort of overview that we put into this report.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, it is based on self reporting of a couple of institutes that basically more or less did a whole inventory of this Co. 2 footprint, and this is usually so. This is sort of the standard in this field is split into 3 scopes, so one which is direct gas emissions. Scope 2
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is Co. 2 emissions that come from electricity, and then scope 3 is the rest, and the rest also includes everything that you buy, and the footprint that is associated with everything you buy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, if we look at the annual workplace admissions, we have a budget to 2050
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is sort of going a bit lower than the 50%. And then we have a comparison to the global average.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then we have the footprint of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the footprint mainly done through the research per researcher for these different labs. And you can see that most of them basically completely overshoot. I should say that in most of these as you
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the scope, 3 emissions are not complete, because they are very, very difficult usually to to estimate so often, and this is shown
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: here on this side. Mostly they they contain travel, split and business and computing foods. But basically procurement, waste treatment and upstream. Energy is often not reported. So it's the only place that actually reports it, and as you can see, they are
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: making up one of the largest footprints.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What is also clear from this is that there is very, very big differences between the different institutes. So, for example, Cern, you will find, has a very, very small travel footprint
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: here. That's of course there's no travel to experimental site. Then, on the other hand, if you look at the Max Planck's Institute, Npa. Ia. They have a huge travel footprint which is mainly coming from travel to Chile because it's astronomy. They have a lot of observatories there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can see that Eth, and basically have even compared to cern no footprint for electricity. And this is because they are paying for electricity from renewables, from a large provider that says also large amounts of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fossil fuel and electricity. So it's a little bit you could say it's a little bit of a of a trick game and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: However, you can compare this formula, and they just have extremely Co 2 extensive energy sources.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I should also say that for the cern site here most of the energy emissions actually come from a computing site in Hungary that was since then ducked down.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But for some they are actually quite lucky, because they're basically based.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They they get the electricity from France. And this is why the footprint is relatively small.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And now, if we circle through the different components, computing makes up actually
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: quite a big chunk. If we look at computing, then we also need to look at hardware. And basically, the manufacturing makes up 50 to 80% of the devices Co 2 footprint where 50% of the lower side is more for servers, and the higher side is more for laptops.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It is good to have an infrastructure to keep, reuse, recycled, or repair basically do anything to extend the lifetime use, I know in most computing
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sites or clusters as universities already done. But I've also heard reports that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sometimes for the big computer farms. It's learned when, after run one, they were trying to basically
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: exchange some of the Tdac computers
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to operate for round 2. They were trying to donate, but because of issues of how they were bought, it wasn't clear whether they could actually donate them, and in the end they just had to go to electrical waste.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so that is something to keep in mind that you might have to already factor in in your contracts. What you will do after the primary lifetime of usage of things.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then, for infrastructure, basically, it's important to have well managed centralized systems that are optimized for specific in our case have applications. And this is key to address challenges. So either we need to adapt our software to adapt to Hpcs that are now all the raging, all the universities, or we basically find a way to have our own systems that are optimized for our usage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and if you look at infrastructure and faster systems. What you look at is the optimized Poe, which is the power, usage, effectiveness, which is the total power consumed over the energy used only by the it current best centers have something like 1.0 5 1.2, and this is mainly due to heat recovery from cooling systems for the heat.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But average is 1.5 5, and the worldwide lic computing group assumes 1.4 5 for their sites.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it's only the well maintained
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if you have very well maintained data centers, you can also react to production and other great loads. And this can also help balance. That is the group to some point.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: software is also a big part. So our code luckily relies on libraries and public codes, general frameworks and software infrastructure that are provided by experts in the experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there is very real
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: indications that dedicated efforts can have a huge impact that are directly memorable.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: even though it's not, let's say, direct physics. So, and there's some example of the likelihood in inference, neural network accelerator that saved $300,000 in energy costs, and around 2,200 tonnes in Co. 2. In the 1st year of the Rubel Observatories Legacy Survey. There's examples from as well, that was the speed up achieved in
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: generation of sharper events by a factor of 20 that was paid by swift tap, which was now exed by nuclear. I basically, if you produce millions and billions of events, a speed up of a factor of 20 basically more or less directly translates into energy savings of the factor of 20.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You can, of course, also look at
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: procuring energy from low carbon sources.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'd say the most interesting plot from this page is this year, and this shows the mitigation potential of energy related options to the year 2030. This is an Ipcc report. So the climate change panel, where the different energy options are
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: are shown. So you have wind energy, solar nuclear bioethicity, and then another, some smaller, smaller things. And this is shown as far plots for their potential to contribute to net emissions. Reduction.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this is color coded to tell you
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for which part the costs are lower than the reference. And then.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how much it basically costs on top of that reference. And you can see here that for wind solar, and also to some part energy nuclear energy. You still have a lot of savings that could be achieved at a price that is cheaper than what you buy electricity for right now, and that also applies to sort of reduce emissions from oil and gas.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You could, of course, also just put solar panels somewhere. Cern is in the process, not of actually equipping their buildings, but buying solar sites. Somewhere in the landscape. There's also examples of the celebrators that are actually already right now, fully solar powered. So this is the Sesame Light Source.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It essentially where sort of solar.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a big Solar farm, was there to to power it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We can also look at food, or we've had a look at food. And the problem with food is, it's a sensitive topic.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But it's a fact that animal agriculture is responsible for over 50% of greenhouse gas emissions from food and accounts for 75% of the agricultural land use, but provides only 20% of the calories and less than 40% of the protein supply. This is also shown here, where you see the greenhouse gas emissions per 100 grams of protein
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: were beef and lamb specifically very bad.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Why is this relevant? It's also relevant in our institutions. Because basically, what is on offer does determine what we consume, and that applies conferences, applies to canteens, and I will also say that I find conferences are often still very meat focused. And if you have a buffet, the vegetarian food is running out first, st because people like it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they eat it also. The meat eaters eat the vegetarian food, and then it's gone. So I think there is. Still, even though it's it's sort of a sensitive topic, and I understand that it's a very personal choice.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but there is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It is in some sense the low hanging fruit where a number of soft measures could be taken that would not
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that would not necessarily even be noticed. As I said, if we have the examples of the buffets that are running out of vegetarian food.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we have also, of course, mobility. And we've seen that person
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and also for for other institutes. That makes a very, very big chunk.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Choice of transport is important, but also the choice to travel is important. So there's the option to work from home. There's the option to have remote conferences, and we have, of course, seen this increase. With covid, which, makes it easier to basically choose. If I mean, I'm not saying
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you you should travel 3 h with a public bus, but it's great to see that it's more and more accepted to work from home one day, 2 days a week, and that means you can save on this travel.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's also clear that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: our global scientific, scientific endeavor will always mandate some amount of long distance travel. But there's also actually downsides that we might all be aware of.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that is completely independent of sustainability concerns. There's visa rules and long haul travel costs that are very challenging for people that don't have the right passports or people that don't come from the right countries with enough research. Money travel is also difficult for people that have disabilities, health impairments, or carrying responsibilities. So you cannot. Just I don't know. Dump your kids and go off for a week.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Or it makes it very difficult to decide to travel sort of a full day instead of traveling just 2 h by plane.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: As for food, the impact might appear small. But air travel is 2% of global emissions and is rising very rapidly. So it's up to 32%. In the 5 years before the pandemic and unlike electricity, it's very hard to decarbonize.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and also like food. In some cases there are low hanging fruits, so
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: short stay, travel, or existence on in person meetings or in person contributions, for example, instead of hiring local technicians.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is, is, I think, things that are not too
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: brutal. Let's say, to cut caps on.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then we are now going to research infrastructure and technology, which is actually much more difficult
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to do and much more difficult to implement
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because to actually have a look at the research infrastructure and technology, you need to implement accurate accounting and reporting. So at the minute, there is very limited data on admissions and resource consumption for basic research infrastructure. No, there's 2 computers that you could buy. They're both with instax. You don't. Actually.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you could tell. It's easy. I just buy the one with a smaller footprint Co. 2 footprint, and that would, of course, also help with demand pressure. But you cannot say this necessarily, because this information is not available.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Often, existing data is not standardized. We've seen this also in a bunch of comparisons, let's say, between future collider options, where it's not easy to compare like by like, because
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the soul
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we need the same references. So it's very challenging to overall assess sustainability and comparisons of individual technologies.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And what needs to happen at some point is the implementation of an effective lifecycle assessment across the community that could provide data for ongoing assessment of technologies and infrastructure projects. There is a number of planned and finalized assessments for specific projects.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and there's also an ongoing effort by the Lab Directors group that was put in place just a couple of years ago or a year ago to basically provide recommendations on how such lifecycle assessment is to be implemented. But still it relies on on data as inputs. And there are some initiatives
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: calculate stuff. I think the most advanced is this French lab initiative is called.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It doesn't have numbers that are applicable to the Uk. So electricity numbers are not quite correct, and they don't have again, they don't have a lot of information on on products or sort of procurement
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for cern, or basically for Atlas and Cms. One of the biggest challenges is direct greenhouse gas emissions, and this is also from gases other than Co. 2.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you can see this here this is taken from the sun environmental report. So this is tons of Co. 2
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: compared for scope one, and scope 2. So scope 2 is directly electricity and scope. One is direct emissions from gases.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this comes mainly from the Lhc experiments and the detector coolings with very, very few inputs from sort of heating or gas.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is basically all
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as in Cms. The main course are Rt chambers and Atlas and Cms, and they contain h
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fc, 134, a, which is a fluoride gas.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's mainly because they have large areas. They have leaks. But it should be also noted that some of the future experiments will ship and dune. Also plan to have Rpc. Chambers, moon Chambers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and due to these emissions, so the emissions of cern of these gases are 6% of the Swiss emissions, and this is twice the size of Luxembourg's emissions should be noted that the Hfc is to be phased out completely in the EU
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there might be exceptions for scientists, but the question is, do we want to, you know, insist on having this exceptions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there is research going on for gout replacements. It's less obvious what there are whether there's good candidates. The current candidates are sort of equally bad because it's pfas. So this is basically forever chemicals.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But at least there is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: let's say, active research ongoing. The problem is also not just the leaks, just to be clear, because you could always say, I built the leak Free Neuron Chamber, and everything is good. But actually, there's a need to replenish 10% of the gas regularly. So the 10% you'll always get.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as of from before, the procurement actually of stuff that you buy is almost 2 thirds of the annual admissions at Cern, and probably of a similar size of institutes. No other institutes
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: have actually managed
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to do this review. It's mainly my materials that have large impacts. Because materials used in our experiments are usually produced with high
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and high societal costs. So if we look at cool board, whatever.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There is some progress ongoing of the determining or defining a new environmentally responsible procurement policy, at least at Cern, which is then something that could be followed. But that is the work in process progress. Now, the last bit is on waste.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So 3% of global emissions is due to solid waste
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: despite of 60% decrease in the amount of waste landfilled in the Us. In the EU, and the fastest growing proportion of this is e waste, so improving the time the lifetime of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: electrics is is really key.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then, if you're really interested into this topic, there is since 4 years now, the sustainable health workshops. The latest basically just happened a bit more than 3 weeks ago.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: free online only times on friendly sort of half day, or sort of 3, 4 h, and with invited keynote talks, but also talks
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We submitted. Talks from a whole bunch of areas.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Covering sustainability and the experiments. You can still look at the talks and the recordings.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I just keep this there. There's also workshops of research infrastructures. This is very, very specialized. So this is basically, sir, and Daisy, and the French labs talking about really building stuff and having the experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it has been sustainability itself has also become a big topic at Ichap, at the Chat conferences or the computing conferences triggered by the energy crisis. But also in in the recent ichap. So there's growing awareness and discussions which is very nice.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if we're looking to the future, what does it mean? For the future? So if we look at the Sec. Which is sort of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: just one of the possible future options, so the Fcc is going to be built as 100 kilometer collider
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: around the time it. The idea is to maximize physics, options, so have a stage one Fcc as a Higgs factory, which is basically the 1st stage that Ulaider physics physicists have agreed on. We want to have a new plus and minus Higgs factory. That's the priority across Europe and the Us.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then the Fcc. Could be turned into an Fcch.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: reaching 1,000 Tev as a natural continuation at the energy front. So photons photons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the idea for this program is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to start just a couple of years after the Hlhc ends
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but the common civil engineering and structures buildings and so on basically need to.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We kicked off in the next couple of years. And so this is naturally also a bit of the focus of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the the the European strategy upgrade if you look at the chosen layout
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for the Fdc. So this has already been sort of optimized out of a few 100 initial variants based on the geology, surface constraint, but also infrastructure and environment. So there will be, of course, the sun side, and there will be sort of another technical side or center, which is 15 min from Unc. Center. The baseline is 90 kilometers ring 8 surface points
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for interaction points for experiments, and some idea to have integration with regional services, and the idea is to have sustainability as an integral part of the study, so to have some commitment to environmental protection, heat, recoperation, reduced water consumption, and so on. And it's supposed to start not too far in the future, because it requires them to build
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Rf facilities for development of some of the celebration to start in mid
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 29. So in in less than 4 years, and this is when the facility should be up and running. So building should start soon.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: However, if you look at the environmental impact, then I don't. Was here giving a talk a few
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: couple of months years back.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: He has done a very, very nice review, together with Kenneth Bloom on carbon emissions from civil construction of future colliders. Basically looking at Ioc, Cpc. This is the circulating plus and minus in China. Fcc. E, click.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the cool copper collider in the Us. Collider, S. And Chh. Spc. In China, Lab 3 and high energy. Lhc.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so this is just from the similar contract construction that it should be said that the main, the main drivers
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of the footprint for these projects, or basically for the Fcc from the point of the Fcc is basically the civil infrastructure construction, which is the 1st bit that happens. So it's not actually the running of the collider, because by then you assume that you are at net 0. So your energy is at net 0. So basically just running the collider comes more or less for free
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the dipoles. So the burning of the dipoles is only 7% of the construction and travel. As I said, travel is not
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: small. I think travel makes up 25% of of the production
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in their projections. They omitted gases because they are difficult to project, and gases might be discontinued.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but it's very important to note here that the numbers also full seas which are available for the Scc. And estimated numbers of, for example, the cool, cool copper collider, or other other colliders agree within
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 10. So it is a really let's say, a really robust estimate. And you can see there is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: basically some orders of magnitude between the different engineering bits that need to be done and the main bits, as I said, comes from building the tunnels and basically the length of the collider that you built.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So in general, the Fcc. Together with the cepc, is thought to be the most impactful future project. In terms of carbon footprint, and there is, of course, a competition of which rely would be good.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The approval would need to be happening within this European strategy update period.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there's also the potential start of the construction which should happen within the next 8 years, and I mean as a reminder, if we tie this in with the Paris agreement or the Paris target, this might be just after we missed them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So again, it's it's a general question of whether this will raise political problems or not.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but yeah, so really, the challenge is that the most carbon intensive phase is at the start of the project. So for the Scc. And the Cpc. For all of the other suggested project, it's delayed. So it's
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: within the field, I would say, sort of a political
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: decision as well as to whether you need this or whether you keep this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's some carbon footprint optimization ongoing, but in part it also relies on very expensive or very rare materials. So, for example, green cement
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: cement is also a very environmentally bad thing, because it requires a lot of snow to to build
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then, in the last couple of days a very comparative review of provider options came out from. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Fabiola, Mike Lamont, etcetera. So this is, you would say, is, maybe
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's so. It's basically by people that are on the board of the S. 2 50.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that is also very interesting to have a look at. They don't include, for example, at 3. But they it is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in principle. It's a relatively balanced discussion.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That also doesn't shy away from basically saying this point. And this is probably the most sticky point of the discussion. If we are looking at sustainability only.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And now, as I said, let's let's go to the rest. So this is relatively short. Further initiatives. So this is something that was kicked off very recently, by by a colleague of mine, and that really
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it looks at data sharing so other Cms. And phenomenologists use all the same public tools to generate all the same standard model background. There's a redundancy of effort, manpower, compute, and if you look at the projections for the high Lumia. Lhc.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it it is it is a very big question whether we can afford to basically have twice
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the same Monte Carlo Sanders, even if you could say how you know we like our
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: pattern shower to to be slightly different than the one from Cms. If you look at this sort of what we have right now. So this is an estimate of based on the Atlas annual Agt event plan admissions. So this is 60 million CPU hours.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you can extrapolate this. So this was assumed to be run on quite good cpus and servers
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and now you basically double it and add sort of a female where you do sort of an assumption of 50 female papers annually, that each use sort of normal laptops. And then you actually have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the the footprint that corresponds to 220 return transatlantic flights, which
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sounds a lot that sounds maybe not too much. But, on the other hand.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: practically half of this is redundant, and with the high luminology this number will
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: will go up by a factor of 10, so this will scale with Lumi and the need for increasing precision. Sorry just in the units is that 220 airplanes or 220 people?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's a good question. I will need to check this, but I think it's per person.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Andrew, I need to double check.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's a good point. It's always a sticky point. With this comparison my assumption would be, it's per person per flight. So it's individual flights of a full flight.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So so 220 people on different flights. Yes, hang on one sec.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But they could also be all on the same
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one. A 3, 20 stuff.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Sorry?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, I will double check. It's a good point.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so there's
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there's examples where simulated data is already shared. So this is in the cosmology sector and lattice collaborations.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there is a workshop based on this that looks on green computing, together with examples and possibilities of data, sharing
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: now the benefits of sharing our standard model. Egt, gen is basically robustness, transparency, reproducibility, equitable access. And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: hopefully.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if it's 2 collaborations, at least a little bit more cross tracking of bugs. Before we launch big productions. Because I think that's also a big
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: problem with waste. And and I'm happy to say that after increasing awareness and initial discussions, especially Atlas, is in favor and software wise, very equipped to follow through. I understand there's a bit more problems in Cms because they haven't split their chain, whereas others can do particle level pattern level, and then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the tests are completely separate.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the project is now officially being pursued within the Nhc. Monte Carlo working group.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there's also an ego that I think everyone
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with a certain account can sign up and contribute.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Sorry, can I? Just ask, wouldn't that then.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I mean, without admitting to it? But aren't we usually looking at the other results and then go? Oh, maybe we're doing something wrong in our event generation like a lot of the bug. Finding that we do is not because we sit down and try and find bugs, we look at
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what the others did and realized. Something is wrong.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: most so, less cross checking, basically. And most well, you would still produce different generators and most problems that I've seen that were discovered were comparing generators. And then realizing, oh, there's a factor, the color flow. But that's maybe too too detailed the color flow bug in.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think that looks for fun.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But in electric reconvents. Yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then. I've already made this point that lifecycle assessment or accurate information of sort of materials, and the stuff that we use is very important. So if you really want to have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to plan your experiment well in terms of sustainability to do a so-called lifecycle assessment where you assess the range of environmental impacts associated with all stages. So the building, the running, and then also the getting rid.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you build in. How do you get rid of the experiment afterwards in 10 years? And you don't just say, Oh, I throw it away, or I don't know what to do with it. You plan because this is where you might get some negative results. So now also has an online training on lifecycle assessment that's available on the learning path. Again, anyone with a valid account can subscribe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: organized in modules of 3 to 5 min, and with a short exam at the end of each module.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's also some additional classroom hands on training that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as far as I understand, it costs 700 Swiss franc. So it is a little bit on the costly side.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's also where some some idea of another colleague of mine and Hannah Wechley.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: who was also partially sc at some point until a couple of months back, 50%
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: brought up, which is to have this bespoke life cycle, assessment, database for particle physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So basically have an open library in this case called the Orca.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so open research lifecycle assessment
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with a nice grail as a logo to basically collect data that is commonly used, collect software and open software tools that are used and also create with scope trainings.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then, for the rest, there is the heat up initiative that brought out this environmental sustainability reflection that's now published in gins. And there's an end of this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: disciplinary workshop. On recomputing already mentioned. That's coming out soon. There's a stakeholder engagement, and so the initiative is trying to build up. There's some support from Ukri Sdfc that might be able to support and and contribute. If you also have some ideas. And if you want to join or just get in touch, there's the email addresses
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and coming now finally to the conclusions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we, as a community.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: have made quite big progress, and I would say, substantial improvements in how we deal with sustainability also, if some of it might sound a little bit negative. But if we compare it to other fields, it is probably quite some concerted effort.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And in particle physics. It's also a bit easier to make this effort, because we are a very close knit community, and we don't have. We do have all
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: our own labs, but the labs are a little bit more collaborative than competitive.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we talk more to each other than I think some of my colleagues in content science.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The question is whether
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what we've done so far is enough to achieve an overall 50% reduction of Co 2 equivalent
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as a reminder. These are the 3 handles, green energy energy efficiency and energy savings we might have at some point. It depends how much pressure we get from from politics. You need to have a hard look and maybe make some sacrifices.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It will, however, also require some dedicated effort and dedicated funding to kind of move over to a more sustainable mode of operandum. But, as I said, as a community, we're certainly better placed than other fields of science, that also at some point will come under scrutiny. So there's also
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you know,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: an advantage in being prepared and sort of knowing what we need to do to achieve our targets, because then you can say.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I need this much money to do. XYZ. And this would be to X percent reduction. Instead of saying, I'll give us some money, and we will figure it out
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because you can see which of the 2 right applications looks like.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But in order to get there we need some framework with benchmarks and goals. The ability to shape this institutional funding or the constraints to allow achieving those goals, and also make sure that we meet benchmarks.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So as a reminder, the Paris agreement is in principle legally binding.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so there is pressure, or there will be pressure, and our savings might need to be increased. This gives us negotiating power. If we have a plan and strategy. As I said, if you know, your colleague in the lab next door doesn't know
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how to get there, but you know there is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: some negotiating power. If we can demonstrate impact and realistically achievable objectives in line with 150 with 1.5 degrees.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and in principle, if we go fully negative.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if you think about it, there will be no fundamental science if climate really breaks down next.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yeah, with these cheerful words, I say, thank you.