STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay. So 1st of all, thank you very much for the opportunity to come here and talk today.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: although you can see I'm going to stop from the University, as you can hear from Newcastle, so it's always nice to come back to England on spring day. Sweden is a little bit still a little bit cold at the moment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I'll be talking about
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which one does the oh, yeah, it's great.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Actually talking about a few things that we can do with the European installation source which is a large neutron facility being built in the south of Sweden.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I love international laboratory there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which will open up basically from the particle physics perspective. Another intensity frontier and one of the principal areas that we're looking at is the barrier violation. But the work that we're doing doesn't just kind of stop there. It extends to many other things as well, such as axion searches and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and neutron electric dipole moments. But the focus of my talk. I'll mention a few of the other topics, but the focus of my talk will be volume number violation, and in particular, the searches for neutrons going to anti-neutrons. I'm not looking at my messages. I'm just looking at the time. Okay, so the talk. The outline of the talk is pretty straightforward.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Why do we want to go and look, for example, neutron to anti-neutrons? You can also look for neutron to dark neutrons as well, which I'll also briefly mention. What's the principal motivation for doing that?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then, after hopefully having motivated, why you want to do this. In the 1st place, then, I'll talk about how you can actually look for neutron observations and beyond, and I'll talk then about the so-called high beam, and then bar project for the European Installation Source, which is a two-stage project
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to look for neutron oscillations because of the phenomena which will ultimately deliver back to a thousand improvement in sensitivity compared to what's been done and discovery sensitivity compared to what's been done previously. Okay? So kicking off with why, we want to bother doing this. In the 1st place.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I'm sure everyone is absolutely sick of the standard introduction slide where we talked about the standard model, and somehow we feel as if we have to have it. So I thought, I'll just jot down my own view of particle physics today in one slide, as we all know, the standard model is experimentally complete.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but with quite a few areas which aren't understood. Neutrino masses, for example, there are also other very large outstanding problems. Barogenesis, dark matter when it comes to the next steps forward. The Nhc. Is arguably, I think, given the most important scientific result of the century. So far one could always, you know, Nitpick, about that, but certainly it's going to be in the top. 5
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: might put in the top one however, we also know the discoveries of fundamental importance, like, you know, as the Ij is delivered to the Higgs.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and they're no longer assured, but also, nor are they excluded by simply carrying on to a higher collision energy that doesn't, of course, mean we should just give up on the energy frontier by any means, but it does, of course, emphasize the need for a diverse field where we basically look wherever we can, using complementary methods to those at high energy colliders.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and look for phenomena which the high energy climbers basically declined. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one of those areas is in high precision tests of Bowery on the Lepton number conservation Hole. But another research is for that violation, and these are all but fascinating kind of quantum numbers. Lepton number themselves. The so-called accidental symmetries, as we know the alternative level inside the model, you know you put in your gauge fields, you put in your rest of your matter, fields, etc.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And sure you enforce your symmetry when you ultimately discover that you've actually picked up a couple of other symmetries as well, and other global symmetries. Which maybe you didn't necessarily intend to have there and these
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: correspond to variable conservation. So, of course, when one then extends to standard model, for example, or to one's a little bit scared to say the name these days to the symmetry, for example, or other extensions. Then we find the variable number just kind of fall out, you know. They'll no longer conserved, and you need to invent various mechanisms or quantities which keep them conserved.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we don't necessarily expect value number to be conserved at all. And in fact, we also know that it's a fundamental condition, exact rock condition. The theory which any theory which will give us an explanation of the matter on the matter. Asymmetry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So given the firing on the left arm, numbers kind of precarious status. We need to explore the various experimentally, we need to explore the various selection rules.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, for example, one can look for barrier number violation. Only. Let the number is conserved. There's also another quantity come back to B minus l can also then be violated. And basically from a very, very strict experimentalist perspective. Given the basic motivation that we have there. Experimentalist needs to go away. And just look at these different possible selection rules.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And, in fact, if you look for barrier number violation. Only. Actually, there's not that much. I mean, for example, just going through the review of particle physics, tests of barrier number violation. One actually finds that barrier number violation is largely sought. For example, if the large volume detectors, for example.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's not, it's largely solved via single nucleon decay, which, of course, also requires electron number violation for angular momentum conservation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are actually comparatively few searches for varying number of violation. Only so there's kind of quite a little hole there experimentally, and if one just looks again, think, vary number violation in the in the broader picture. So.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or barium and Lepton number violation in the broader picture. So proton decay. For example, as I mentioned, this violates Lepton number and volume number, we've left the proton to electron positron in the ion.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One could also look for Lepton number violation only, which, for example, neutrinostic, will beta decay when you look for value number violation only. Most promising means of doing this, and a very, very hard precision is looking for neutrons going to anti-neutrons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is Delta B is equal to 2, which is very much the kind of bionic equivalent of the 3 in this little beta decay, and one could also look for neutrons going to a kind of dark state stellar neutrons, in which case, then,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you have the apparent of violation with variable number. And what's quite remarkable about this is that there were quite some symbiosis between these processes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for example, beverage unification models, models of neutrino masses such as electrode symmetric models, will predict both end to end bar and also neutrino vestable beta decay. One also finds I'll come back to this in a moment. That proton decay, neutron beta decay and end to end bar. They're kind of linked together actually in the so-called electrodes follow-on process.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whilst each of them exists very, very high and good justification in its own right, and they required some kind of theoretical symbiotic links between them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So when it comes to neutron, to anti-neutron, okay, I mean, there are many different theories in which these things can exist. I don't want to spend the seminar talking about theories. I'm an experimentalist, picking up symmetry, extra dimensions. The various biogenesis scenarios.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: various unification models, etc. This was a very, very big candle for neophysics, but one could ask the question, well, okay, why haven't we looked for it so much before? And the answer for that is, it's actually very difficult to look for it. For various reasons. We actually need some very, very special circumstances in India. Ess actually gives us this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in terms of the scale of new physics. So one would look, for example, with a very simple eft, approach the dimension 9, 6, 4 operator for end to end bar, then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if you would consider the experiment that we wish to do with the ess, we're designing, then you're basically getting up. Given the oscillation times that we can see getting up to the Pv scale new physics. This is just in a very, very simple dimension and scenario. Of course none of us know, if there's any how new physics is going to be, or how complicated it may not be or otherwise.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And as I mentioned as well. This is kind of my favorite motivation, if you like. So this is why I kind of have this slide up there. There is actually value number and letter number violation in the standard model itself. Of course it's just, it happens, by non-perturbatives follow on processes which are extraordinarily rare.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the the point is that they are actually there. I mean, if you, if you open the hood, open the bonnet of the standard model and look there, then these are pretty much fundamental things, even if they're going to be extraordinarily difficult to understand.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We would expect these follow-on processes, and they undoubtedly play a very large role. When it comes to biogenesis. The point is in the standard model itself. If you write down the process, it's actually a combination of proton decay end to end, bar neutral beta decay. So if hypothetically, he would somehow see 2 of these processes, then you only have the existence of the other one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So end-to-end bar is a very, very interesting little very, very interesting, observable search. Because, as I say, it really links in with kind of 2 of them, you could say, certainly the single nucleon decay and neutral obesity decay. They're very, very well known. End-to-end bar isn't so well known, but it's as important.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So just, very, very briefly. So I'll talk a bit about end to end bar, which is a Delta B is equal to 2. 1 can also look for Delta B is equal to one where you would see neutrons going to. Basically, they can either go through a wall they can regenerate through a wall. Neutron can go to a sterile neutron, pass through a wall, and then regenerate back to a neutron, or you can see the disappearance of flux. If the neutron and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: changes into a so-called sterile, dark neutron, there are many different ways in which one can see this type of thing, and there are various models. In fact, basically, any type of more kind of complete model of dark sector particles can actually allow neutrons an equivalent dark neutron state.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: now, the advantage of looking for kind of dark sector particles with neutrons is actually that neutrons can be very, very purposely produced in the laboratory, and also they're metastable and very, very long lived. So we can actually see whether or not there's any, you know, with very, very high sensitivity precision. We can actually see whether or not there seems to be any evidence of going into a dark sector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There was
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: up until recently, maybe, still existing is a very interesting little discrepancy in the neutron world where you measure the lifetime via counting the number of neutrons which are basically tracked
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in the North called neutron trap, or you, and you use that to determine the lifetime, or you use the beams of neutrons in terms of the lifetime. And there's a discrepancy between these 2. It's unclear if that discrepancy is still around or not. But it's certainly kind of rather interesting. It's motivated quite a fair bit of thought about the idea of dark neutrons which really escape from this trap.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then given the family lower lifetime what I find quite remarkable actually, about this, and as we move. Mostly, we're all very experienced experimental. So most of us here. So you know, we tend to think the 1st explanation for this is simply systematic. It's actually that the precision of the neutral lifetime actually is not is not nowhere near as well determined as say, we wouldn't maybe naively think that it is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: okay? So that's the kind of outline for part of the most motivation for why we want to follow looking for neutron oscillations. So why don't we? Then how do we then go ahead and do this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: simplest way or simplest way to explain it? And it's just with straightforward quantum mechanics. So basically, we start off with a very, very simple mixing matrix where we apply out more terms and basically encode whatever new physics is out there which can induce a transition. And then we just kind of turn the handle of the Schrodinger's equation, and one ends up with an expression for the probability. If you have started with a neutron, it becomes an anti-neutron with a time. T later.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What we actually see is that this depends on the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: degeneracy of the neutron antineutron system, it's massively suppressed if there is if these have different energies. And this is actually quite important because it explains maybe the addresses. Maybe the obvious objection. If you think about M. 2 N. Bar, why don't nuclei just decay? The neutron can quickly go off to an anti-neutron.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then, of course, that antineutron is going to annihilate within the nucleus up should then be, you know, matter really shouldn't be very stable except that the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because of the influence of the strong nuclear field. There's a lack of degeneracy in Delta v. 6, somewhere, you know, up to 100 Mev. And this causes an absolutely massive suppression.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and of N. 2 N. Bar. It also explains why N. 2 N. Bar can't be seen just with a standard beam of neutrons. You have to magnetically shield it because the neutron magnetic dipole moment, anti-neutron, magnetic dipole moment are opposite, and that also introduces the Delta E, so you need very very special conditions you can still see potentially
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: end to end bar in the very large volume. Detectors like June, for example. And I think you know, I think June to talk more about this. I know the person has been working on it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: although comparing the large volume, detectors with the search for B neutrons is a little bit challenging because of various theoretical corrections that need to be made for the strong nuclear force. So you basically have 2 different possibilities. You can either do it with free neutrons, or you can do it, as I've mentioned before, for example, with bound neutrons. Right?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you're in the free neutron oscillation case. Then, if you, if you're able to shield your neutron successfully and magnetically shield it, then the probability of the neutron going to an antineutron basically reduces to delta n after a once M times T, or both squared. So that really motivates, as we can see with that T squared term that motivates. You want this thing to.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you're doing a beam neutron experiment, you want it to go as long as possible, so your probability is enhanced as much as possible. So your T. Is long.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and I've mentioned, although most of this talks on 3 neutrons I also mentioned bound neutrons, as I mentioned. It's very highly suppressed. That's not to say that you can't do it, and the best current limits from super cameo can be after converting from a bound neutron result to 3 neutrons of uncertainties is something like 5 times 10 to the 8 seconds from oscillation time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: When it comes to supercade hyper kids. It's unclear how much neutrenal background is going to inhibit very large improvements. There certainly will be improvements. But I think the key thing is that when you're comparing bound neutron searches and free neutron searches. They're both extremely valuable, but you compare it to a little bit of an apples versus pears comparison.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So when it comes to free neutrons. You can see already by this slide. This is the last 3 neutron search was done a very long time ago. It was done at the ill in Granobola and it's a this probably shows, or this picture shows, the power dynamic. Do this type of search. Now there's free neutrons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 3 neutrons. They travel up to about 100 meters. In a magnetically shielded region. We want it to be less than about 10 nanotesla, and any neutrons convert to antineutrons, or those Antineutrons would then annihilate in a thin
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the thin carbon target. So what's happening with this thing? But you can see it's target in a thin carbon target. And then you have a kind of classic.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, at least, I always think about as low energy defense of energy, a classic low energy reaction with an antineutron almost at rest
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and annihilating the nucleon. And then the center of mass energy is about twice the nucleon mass, giving rise to a state with about 5 ions, which are then measured in a detectable bandwidth. And this last limit for this, or the last search for this we've done in the early 19 nineties, when we came up with this limit of about 10 to the 8 seconds. What's actually very important to note as well is that one can also do this with a kind of 0 background way as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is so, then the 1st 2 things, why and how. So move on to actually the meat of the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and at the top
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what it is that we're actually doing. So we're designing experiment, a project which we want to put into the European Installation Source European Installation Source, as the name suggests, is a high intensity installation source. It will be the brightest source. When it's finally and complete. It's going. It's obviously been under construction for quite some time, and there's an aim to start operations. It depends exactly how long we define starting operations. In 2,027
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it was faced with some delays, but they did a re benchmarking of their plans, and that so far seem to be sticking to the to their new schedule. So certainly, I think in a year or so this will actually be an operation
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: principle. Behind it is depending on the power of the 2 G wing protons and 3 ms long pulses. Repetition rate of 14 Hertz will basically hit from a linear rotate a rotating constant target, rotate it to dissipate heat and radiation damage, and then cold neutrons or neutrons then found through a moderator.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: heavy walking motivator and then found out into 15 green lines instruments, or they call them instruments. I was thinking it was green lines.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Now, what's actually notable? Of course I didn't really mention events in London. Sweden. It's that somehow, Sweden managed. I hope there's nobody from the Swedish Science ministry. Here, somehow, Sweden managed to host a multi-billion euro laboratory
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: without a very large neutron scattering community, and somehow as well, the various instruments. These beam lines. They're kind of owned by various countries. Sweden somehow actually doesn't seem to own any of these.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the Swedish, the largest Swedish funding agency. Then, from the Government as well decided that they needed to have more Swedish involvement in this, which is really no great surprise. There's been a very good book written about how a small country like Sweden managed to end up hosting and paying for a very, very large amount of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a multi 1 billion euro and laboratory when there when there really wasn't the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if you like the great scientific interest among the physicists there. But this is going into politics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the beam lines are basically just an overview of the beam lines and trump certainly jump off on every single one of them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: picture of some of us pointing. We're pointing actually in the direction of the of the dash red line there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What we want to do is to ultimately build we want to build 2 beam lines, start off with a very basic beam line called hybrid, which was the Standard Bss Streamline, about 50 meters.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and there we would do 1st and then bar searches plus and then find plus other things. I'm going to talk about
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and following from following on from high beam. Then we would then go to the second stage of the program, which is an involved which would be a 2 meter. Long beam line, high beam can deliver an increase in sensitivity, order of magnitude
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: compared to what's being done, and and embark with an increase in sensitivity of 3 orders of magnitude, which is fine, you know. Very, very good. An opportunity for 3 orders of magnitude in the test of a global cemetery is is quite a rare one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so it's more convenient to go backwards in time we start off with Nmbar, or go to the future. Do, Nmbar? This will have its own very dedicated beam line. Then we'll use an infrastructure called the large beam port, with various factors as to why you get the factor of 1,000. The ess brightness, the length of the beam line the size of the beam port and improving the neutron optics. Before Nmbar, as I mentioned, there were to be high beam.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's a lot of things we need to do with hybrid, not just things like axion searches which I'll talk about as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we're at the stage now where we are prior to high beam, was designing small scale experiment to which would run either kind of mini high beam, a shortened version of high beam. Or it's another beam line where we're doing this for the for the axial search.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we also want to do it for any of our background measurements as well. So we've already written several conceptual design reports, one for high beam. And we're also, we've also been conducting research with various detective prototypes for the anti neutron annihilation detector as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we're basically somewhere between one and 2 here for the 1st 2 points there. Okay, so I mentioned, we kind of go. It's more convenient to go backwards in time and explain what's going on, so we'll go backwards in time. Starting with Nn. Bar. The kind of the end experiment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: As I say, it runs, run over 200 meters. You basically fire your neutron or your neutron is produced. It can only bounce once. This is probably a big, little important little detail to mention. You can't have a neutron bouncing along 200 meters off the beam wall, because every time it bounces you reset the clock.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so you need neutron optics, and the neutron comes in. It bounces once against some type of neutron supernova, and then it has to travel 200 meters to the target, foil. Any anti-neutrons will then annihilated and observed and detected around it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you need. We've done the design to various sets of reflector optics. It has to pass through a magnetic field less than 10 Nano Tesla
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we have a nice design of a magnetic shielding which is based on active and passive compensation. And then, of course, one has to actually see the annihilation itself. So you see this multi state. And we have a basic design with a detector involving a Tpc. And scintillators and led glass. In order to do this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I've mentioned that we need magnetic shielding. So I probably shouldn't spend too much time talking about this slide, basically because of the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the magnetic dipole moment of the neutron and the anti-neutron. So we've designed basically a passive shield of various octagon shaped passive shield of various metal thickness.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we also have not mentioned here, but so I don't have active calls as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the defective itself.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as I mentioned the detector needs to observe something about one up to 1.8 gev final state. That's largely Ionic
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this is just a nice little model that we have of a card model.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Where we would have that glass electromagnetic calimeter for the 5 zeros we also have, and and have only range set up
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: from to measure charge ions to the stock, the charge tracker. We're looking at technologies. Ttc, and we also will surround this with with scintillators for cosmic veto, and I shan't talk about every single part here. Don't worry. This really just wanted to demonstrate that for the Cdr. We have a nice geomet for detective description. Emulation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so we've developed a number of sensitive variables like, you know, Dds, for example, we use the photon time separation. That's how far the particle goes in the scintillator before dying. In scintillator states, timing is extremely important and obviously pi 0 mass reconstruction.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when it comes to backgrounds, it's actually very interesting, because, of course, those things like backgrounds that make you lose sleep more than anything else. So the principal background of the ill was cosmic race.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we'll charge a neutral, positive risk. It's very hard to mimic kind of an annihilation of this 1.8 1.9 Gdb. Very musket. It's quite hard to mimic it, because it's basically isotropically produced as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: However, cosmic rays in particular, neutral cosmic rays, which maybe would interact very close to the carbon target or the beam pipe, they can potentially give rise to something which, if you're imperfectly reconstructing the final state, could look like an annihilation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we certainly have been looking at various types of cosmic ways, mapping them out and checking the reasons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is the dominant process of the ill, but the ill is a reactive source, which means basically that you don't have very, very high energy neutrons rolling up there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the ess is escalation source.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So one has the potential of a neutron going at a Gev which can come down and interact with a carbon target. You don't want that. You want. You basically want your neutron background to only be low energy, for example, and there is that possibility of it happening at high energy. Now, in principle, one can remove this with timing, because any high energy neutrons would be associated with the linear clock.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But, of course, in perfectly accelerated, and protons can share between bunches, for example. So this is something that we're looking at with the extinction ratio. But it certainly seems at the moment we can certainly deal with that very, very interesting question.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Generally speaking, the the beta wouldn't be necessarily called a background. It's not something which in itself can mimic a signal, but it can certainly degrade. The signal is basically the pilot. This one ends up with with neutrons smashing against so neutrons basically activating the beam material activating the target
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then one has radioactive decays. And you get a hold of the Gammas and like 10 to the eighths, 9 gammas per second, which are going everywhere.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They're typically very low energy, and it hits. Mev, so you will have some type of pilot. The major issue that we're dealing with is the fact that some of these photons can, of course, give rise to pumped electrons. You could have a whole load
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of particles in your Tpc. Which is one reason why we chose the Tpc. We demonstrated that at least, for example, it can deal with large multiplicities. So we've been quite successful in suppressing or reducing these with neutron poisons. And of course there are also other types of backgrounds, as well. You know, nuclear fragments, for example, which we've all looked there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and even the new phones are voluntary. So you know, even though you shield things as much as possible. You can still end up with new phones passing through the shielding, of course, and getting into the detector in directions that you wouldn't necessarily expect.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we're doing 2 things. One is both the Monte Carlo study that we're doing the various models here on 4 fits, Mcn. But what one really needs, of course, is to actually take data.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we have prototypes. And we want to. And what we will be using is testing these prototypes with real ess data. And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so still, just talking about big N and bar detector. Okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: probably not too much to say, yeah, other than we did other than I should have removed Sam and Anders from this. Sorry about it
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that. When we did the the Cdr. We worked with music engineers and came up with a very nice mechanical design of it as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We wanted to try to be as complete as possible.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we, as I mentioned, we have a lot of sensitive variables, so we ended up with a number of very nice set of selections. I'm not gonna end up with the signals
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: efficiency about 70% such with backgrounds poorly removed. However, this, of course, also is wholly removed within the context of large Monte Carlo statistics, of course, in the real world Monte Carlo might not describe the data, so this is very much done with respect to Monte Carlo, one because we want to overclin. However, I think we're certainly as good, if not better, than the ill experiment detectors.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and one can look to see where the where we would land when it comes to a sensitivity on an oscillation time, and see that the various configurations have been involved various power assumptions for the essing order of magnitude or so above, for example, June, which will do a very, very nice job. But, as I mentioned, a little bit of apples, pears,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's also important to note that when it comes to the discovery sensitivity, the discovery sensitivity goes basically as the oscillation times squared. This is, can you actually, are you going to be able to actually observe one of these things? It's the discovery sensitivity, the possibility to actually observe it which actually gives it back to a thousand.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that was an involved. I'll briefly go through. Then, going backwards in time hygiene, which you many expect many ways, kind of very many and involved.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which would use the standard Ess beam line. So you can see in the cloud drawing of where high beam would sit. There.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we've done a nice. I think it's a very nice design of high beam. The Ess, we sometimes persuade the Ess to also invest in some the beam extraction system for high beam with about a million euros. Because we we basically made the case that if you don't invest in this now going to in parts of the ess infrastructure becoming activated, it might not be possible to have another beam line before, say, mid 2,000 and thirties.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So for Iv we would aim to do end to end bar, and then we can get a factor of 10 improvement with end to end bar, and we also want to look as well for sterile neutrons, amongst other things. So, for example, you look for the disappearance of flux. If the neutron part of the neutron beam goes to a sterile neutron state, you see an anomalous flux loss, you have to scan over quite a large magnetic fields region for this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because the magnetic field would, depending on its value, can then basically enhance the probability of a conversion. One can also find neutrons through a wall and look for neutron regeneration, and you can also look for the sterile neutron hypothesis of neutron going to an anti-neutron.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This little plot here at the bottom, just basically shows the sensitivity or measure of the sensitivity we can get, depending on the length of high beam depending on the size of the target that we can use the size of the green pipe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So I don't have too much time. So I'm just going to skip through a couple of slides here, when it comes to sterile neutrons, we can go an order of magnitude, and beyond depending on the magnetic field region compared to what's been done before, largely with those neutrons
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then to get to high beam, we where to say we've designed and built and working on various detective prototypes like a prototype.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: For example, we're also using some crystals in the so-called Vasa detector, which is cesium iodide crystal color, limited, which is being used in quite a few low energy applications. For example.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we aim to kind of bed, steal and borrow as much as possible behind them. So we're looking into aging effects with the crystals there, and we also have scintillated that glass prototype as well. And again, I shall every one of these plots here. But we're making a number of measurements for this using radioactive sources and cosmics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is basically largely being funded by the major Swedish funding agency and has a number of different Swedish institutions. As you can see that we've also, it's not just the Swedish effort when it comes to the prototypes as well. We're also, for example, working with Cracker on this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So very, very briefly, extremely briefly. I don't want to overrun
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as I've really made an emphasis on neutron conversion. The reality is, you're sitting at the intensity frontier. What would be the world's brightest neutron source? So there's an awful lot of stuff you can do. One thing that one can do, for example, is, look for axions where axions depending on their masses can act as a kind of pseudo magnetic field. So the neutron can kind of interact with kind of an axion field.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And one can basically put the fiber beam of neutrons to a so-called Ramsey setup, where you basically have varying magnetic fields, and you expect to see a fringe at the end there. And if you see your fringe with a different shape or different position than what you would expect and what you know about the magnetic field. Then there's an additional contribution to it. This field and this is from the axions. So one looks. This is very much for very low mass axions one can see there. For example, we publish this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a typical date of the slides. Now in Pll, which is nice.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one can basically see the sensitivity from axions for hygiene, for couplings and masses. And there's several loads of magnitude away from other laboratory based experiments. There are indirect limits from supernova energy loss, but you know these are indirect, and they're nice and complementary, but they can be evaded. So there are many uses for hygiene beyond simple neutron conversions. I've given the example of axions. One thing which I really like
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is just checking the measurement of the neutron charge. You have a 50 meter beam lined up neutrons, stick them in an electric field, and see electromagnetic field would see vary and see how they move. Do they have a charge on?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And we're also looking at using, doing a neutron electric dipole moment search as well us collaborators.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So who are we? Well, we started off as an expression of interest with the full and bond, 2,01546 Institute saved countries. And this developed then, into the kind of what we've shown you. Now, Project Agricult Spokesperson, along with. Some of you may know the scientists from Tennessee, the technical coordinator, Valentina Santoro. From London.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have a number of like, you know. It's it's very straightforward to kind of get authors on a big paper. And when authors want to support a certain project, it's also important that we actually, you know, we don't artificially kind of imply that we have a huge number of active institutes. And in fact, we actually do have a lot
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: active institutes. In addition to the Swedish Institutes, also, including in Germany a few us institutes, for example, Krakow, they're working with us or we're working with them on both type tests.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Also in in Brazil. Twice. Sorry about that funding wise we've been supported, actually, the suites very interested in supporting us. So they've been supporting us for the last couple of years on
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: basically, the design of hygiene then involved.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And there's also various funding agencies which is supporting magnetics, design plus other things, and then bar is supported as part of a horizon 2020 grant
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but upgraded Ess with a new lower moderator to make the neutron slower, so T. Bigger. And that was very successful. It's called the Highness Initiative that gave us the Nfr. Cdr. We also have international collaboration funding as well to the Brazilian Institutes. And then this, which is really really annoying. We applied for synergy grant and the Lc. Synergy grant to actually just put the 1st version of high beam in
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and do the 1st Nn bar and then find the axion and neutron electric dipole, neutron, electric charge search.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we got into the reserve list all of those 3 different stages. We got a nice letter somebody wanted from this, but there's no money. So I was quite happy, anyway, that we've been through the process of a lot of reviews and stuff like 11 reviews or something like that, or let them review as a kid.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So just a selection of papers, we find the documents were kind of going along with things I was trying to talk about. All of these, but we finally cover the various topics. You know everything from neutron optics, detector design, prototype, Cdrs, etc.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: How do we fit in? I'll just finish up with a little bit of politics. Of course we're we're going through the process of the new European strategy. So right now, I'm just quoting from the older one. But I don't think that it's going to particularly change when it comes to the intensity frontier.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I think we we plug in very well when it comes to some things which are actually missing, as I've mentioned at the very start.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you know, proton decay is clearly something very important, and I think a lot of people are thinking about it. There's a lot of money going into doing it as well.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Similarly, also, nutritionist, there's very little going on when it comes to power number violation. Only. So one's really kind of plugging the observable gap a little bit, and then, when it comes specifically to politics, well, the last strategy had. This is essential activities. I think we kind of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: follow this, you know, in the sense that we're testing fundamental symmetries, looking for dark sector candidates and very freely interacting particles. And also we made sure last time, and I hope they keep it this time as well. The earliest version or the earlier version between before this one talked about the importance of doing research beyond certain national laboratories in Europe. We removed national because ess is international.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But we push for that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, so just to summarize.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: When it comes to neutron oscillations. I hope I've done some persuasion that they're actually an important, and you can read, you know, everything from the spalon linkage with the pdk neutral beta decay everything from that to you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then bar turning up in all sorts of different unification models and such like, and I hope I persuade you they're very important, but kind of unexplored physics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And of course, we need ultimately to look. We need to find a violation to explain biogenesis, and the Ess will be opening up a new discovery window in particle physics. And we kind of aim to be there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So highly managed program, multi stage and fundamentally about. You know the Ps. The resistance of the whole thing when we finally finish and we aim to have a sensitivity, improvement in tests of value and violation by a factor of a thousand.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we're basically at the stage of having prospects for studying them. We're actually emphasized before as well. We also have funding to conduct small scale experiments now, like in Mini Axon search, for example, and with the ess. So we're kind of, you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: going beyond Cdr work and really starting to actually push into the physics now. And there's an awful lot of things that one can do with Ibm everything from neutron oscillations, axioms ready. And then, finally, because the Swedish funding agency is kind of sends me out to give these talks. We are absolutely always on the lookout for any new collaborators as well. I think we're a very, very friendly bunch.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and I've mentioned that schedules, you know. Things are now really start starting to happen now as they'll get turned on. Thank you.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We don't