STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, Hello, thank you for coming.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I have a report on this conference.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is the most important conference in neutrino in the area of neutrino right takes place every 2 years since the seventies.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this one additional
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: was having one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The University of New York.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: heaviest university I have ever seen.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I can have this. That's my new list
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: remitted. This.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Wow!
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Very large conference, over 70 talks, hundreds, of course, posters, and over 300
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sequence.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Always very interesting. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I've started by very quickly reminding you, not everybody. Here's insurance.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but the 3 oscillations. So the thing with the 3 oscillations is that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the materials don't interact weekly.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the source of the weak interaction is flavor. It's like charge is a source of
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: electric induction.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whenever the neutrality interacts, it has an ethnic player.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, for example, if you generate a neutrino with an electron.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you got a new.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and if you detecting the trailer by seeing a new one. That's a meeting.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's uniquely defined.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whatever Pete wants.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: however.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so you there's a birthplace for the neutrino, and then there's deathbed when you generate it and collected. But when it moves from A to B,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's a free particle. It's not interacting. So in those conditions the good quantum number is not the flavor. It's an S,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: yeah.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So for the propagation part, you need to switch to this
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: less hybrid states rather than later states. Okay, so these are 2 alternative to base sets.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: quantum mechanics. So they're connected by a unit of metrics.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you can always write this thing where you have the flavor states equal matrix times, mass states.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And because we have 3 flavors in this kind of model, and the metrics can be written like this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you can write it as a product of 3 pieces, and each piece is relatively simple.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you know 4 parameters depends on
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right. So the 1st block here. That depends on speed. Dot M. 3. It's mixing angle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The last bit here depends on another theta, one tool.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These are constants of nature.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These 4 parameters and the middle portion depends on the theta, 1, 3. So one more angle, and one other parameter up here, which is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: phase for the balance.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: if that was P. 0
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or pi.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the full matrix is real.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But if Delta, if this phase has a different value than 0 or I. Then the matrix has a measury part, and this leads to Cp violation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's why that's called Llc.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we know CPU symmetry is violated by the weak interactions in the work sector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But we don't know yet if it's violated by neutrinos as well as you would
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: everything else.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we know our details about the Cv.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: okay, so in general, when you have an oscillation, you generate the flavor, and then you detect a different flavor.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The probability of this oscillation depends on
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for a product of 4 elements
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of these metrics. And so in general, it's very complicated expression that involves all the parameters. But it so happens very often experimentally that in most situations
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: just one of those 3 blocks is relevant.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So just a single
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: listen angle is important. And so under that approximation that is very useful to guide your intuition.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You have this much simpler formula, which is down here, they describe the probability that you have a train of flavor, Alpha, and then it transforms into flavor. Beta
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: after so Ryan release was held.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then the probability is a product of 2 terms. This 1st one only depends on on the angle, the mixed angle of theta, and that's just a constant.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So it tells you. The overall
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: scale of the probability whether the 2 flavors are
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: couple largely a lot.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: just the outage numbers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then the second term here
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is not a constant. It depends on L, which is a distance in travel. So this is a period
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: phenomenal. You start with a new E, and then, after one, it's a new.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The price as far as in rear view.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Let's see you again.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and it also depends on Delta squared, which is the difference in the square of the masses of the 2 mass eigenstates that are involved.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then it depends on the energy. As a matter of fact, it depends on the ratio l. Over E,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so that the media registration is shown here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you know, as a function of L over E.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you want to do 1st relations, you usually try to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: look for this point for the Booker, for example, where the oscillation probability is maximal.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that happens at the definite value of L over E.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you have to choose the distance L, your baseline so as to maximize the isolation
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that depends on the energy. So if an experiment has higher energy neutrinos. It needs to go further.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: got it further away
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to see the same oscillation, because all of our same
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so, as I said, different construction of this piece and solar neutrinos. This piece
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we don't know much.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, we know some things about the triggers, but still many things we don't know, and that's a list of the things we don't know in the blue box. So the value of the data Cp phase we know very little about that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This plot here. Kind of shows. I square, you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: mobile feature among many different experiments for the value of the city.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but we cannot at 3 season we cannot exclude any bias. We actually don't know whether that's what it is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: honestly or not.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The angle of theta 2, 3 is long.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's very close to 45 degrees.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but then we don't know whether it's exactly 45 degrees, or a bit more or a bit less.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is the P. 3 block, which is, there are 2 Nima, one slightly below and one slightly above.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The hierarchy, is the following problem, that by oscillations we can measure these Delta m's.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so this the splitting between mass eigensates. But that doesn't tell us the absolute best.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and it doesn't tell us so. We know there is one splitting which is large.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the one relating to a prescribe oscillation, one that is small.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We don't know whether
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this match.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: heavier.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like the the large mass meeting, is higher or lower in mass than the small screen.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so it could be that we have light neutrino, a slightly heavier neutrino, and a much heavier neutrino.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: a light neutrino, a much heavier neutrino, and then it's slightly heavier.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We don't know which one is true.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but the one on the left is called normal hierarchy, because
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's the way the other particles work like laptop, like charge, like those are works
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: organized like that, like an actual new one tile
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the other one is called the inverted hair, and we don't know what it was like. We don't know the absolute mess.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we know the absolute mass of the largest one is somewhere below one election vote. But we don't know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: damn. Okay. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: okay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I just showed this one slide. So the bottom right shows
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is energy of neutrinos, and in many orders of magnitude, and this shows
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: different sources of neutrinos that we have, and the vertical axis is the perception for them to interact. So for them to be detected.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The cross section, as you see, rises in energy regards to dedication.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the lowest energy neutrinos that we know of are Big Bang neutrinos.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These are, you see, one in actual wall down below. These ones have never been there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They are basically the Holy Grail of the Trino physics, in my opinion, would be so nice to detect them. They are the equivalent of the cosmic of the Cmv. Cosmic microwave background.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So those are photons out of the Big Bang. And we have people number almost of the trillions photons out of the Big Bang.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: How that would be measured.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then, when you go to the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: few Leds region, you have neutrinos from the center here
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of the actors, machines from the site.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Trina from spring over explosion, and if you're going up in energy, you go to the region down here now you have a prospective treatments from custom, praise.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or accelerate doing trinos
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: make and wave.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then you can go even higher in energy. You can reach extremely high energy. Probably the highest energy particles ever detected, and those are the trims coming from outside the galaxy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: On the other hand, this one on the left
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is the same landscape, but this is the plaques.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so how many of those are around, and that has the opposite trend.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: remember the what you see in the detector is the product of those 2 things is the flux times, the perception.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you can see that all the guys in the middle
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: possible to detect. But the 2 extreme cases, the very high energy, one and very low energy ones
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we haven't detected yet fully, either because the flux is too small or the prospect is too small.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the rest of this talk, I will just basically go through these different fields
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right, and tell you what was presented by the conference.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Starting with the double.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the double digit pay works like this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there is this a process which is called
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: just 2 no. 3, no double Beta K. That just means
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's the 2 Beta decays happening by chance in the same boot loops.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there's nothing weird about that process.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's well known it has been measured. It's very rare because you need to have 2 better decays in Saint Luculus.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It is, in fact, I believe, the rarest process ever measured.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and because you have 2 dedicated to get out 2 electrons and 2 countries
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's been measured. And that's a background for this search. So what we're looking for in this field is in the trinomous
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: double the dedicated, which looks like the same thing except monitor.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you see, because what happens is you take this process. You will meet one Trino. But if the answer, Trina is the same thing as Antrina.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: then this, until emitted by one W is reabsorbed at the other vertex, and learned about it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this is the process we're looking for. That's the signal. It's never been observed.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Experimentally. You look for it because you don't see the neutrino. You only see the electrons in the 2 neutrino K. This is a 4 body K, so the total visible energy energy of both electrons has a continuous distribution
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: kind of looks like this like in a single different
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in this other process, which is the signal
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they're not trainers. So all the energy released in the decay goes into the electrodes. So that's a constant. It's no longer
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: continuous distribution. And it's a constant sitting at the endpoint.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So in these experiments you try to measure total energy release, and you look for an excessive energy at the endpoint.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you see it, you have discovery of this immediately proves that the neutrino is a minority particle, namely.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is the same as its own antiparticle. The trin is the only particle that can do that in the standard model. All the other particles. Are you like particles?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It immediately proves that the laptop number is violated.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which we don't know yet.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, we know the family level number is regulated for the global level number.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Also, if you measure the trims of orbital K that provides automatically an explanation for why the mass is so small, because the neutrino mass is very small compared to everything else except massive particles.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what you measure is the rate, if you see of your trainers. Wk, the rate depends on this mass, which is the mass of Trino squared. So measuring. This process also tells you what the mass is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Unfortunately, the things. In front of the mess is a nuclear matrix element square that is poorly known. And this plot shows, you know, Y distributions for different isotopes for the value of this matrix element according to different models. And that's the main uncertainty
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in understanding this part. So the 1st one I talk about is legend.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this takes place in Italy, and it started Beta taking last year. This one looks for double beta decay of Germanium, Germanium, 76. The detector looks like this. So it has crystals of high purity, Germanium.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's the source. And it is also the detector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if the nucleus decays, double the decays is your minimal. You keep it very cold, and if you are going fast, and if energy is released the temperature will go up a little bit. It's a kilometer, and you measure the temperature increase
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you can't break it. So translate it into energy
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's unable to see.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is what the results look like.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you measure the total visible energy. As you see, the horizontal axis is the energy
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there is 2 neutrino beta decay. Which is this? Golden curve which is your main background. Then there's a million lines which come from all sorts of radioactive contaminants that are around. So what you have to do is to get everything as radio pure as possible. You need to control very where? Well, your backgrounds. Actually.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this gray band is where you would expect sitting at the airport is where you would expect the signal to show up
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right? So you feed everything else, and then you open the box. You look in this region, and they found
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: data in there. So no discovery of material came by legend. So far.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: another experiment like that is coming on Zen.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This one takes place in Japan, and it's been going for a while this one. The technology is a liquid simulator
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: loaded with zeman. So in this case we're looking for the W. 3 K. Of 1, 36 that recognizes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then you have Pm. Keys around, and it's the same idea. You try to measure the total energy released.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they started with the 300 kg. Now they have over 700 kg. That's largest amount of 0 1 56
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: on the playlist.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Same kind of game. You measure the total energy released. So you have the 2
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: background, and then a bunch of business and planning components
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: look for something in the region of interest.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you see nothing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then, because it's enough, you cannot tell what the neutrino mass is, and you cannot tell whether it's a man around or direct particle. But all you can do is put and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: lower limit on the half-life of this processing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's 1 more that was presented in this field, which is called choir. This takes place in Italy
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: since 2,003, and it's still running. This one uses Tellurium
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Tourium 1 30, as the candidate Isotope. This one is somewhat similar legend, in that you build a very cold
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: array of crystals of tellurium, and again, if the tellurium decays.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: releases to electrodes which are absorbed within the crystal itself, temperature rises a little bit, we measure the temperature, increase.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: hope to find a signal where it should be.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I will say that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: much of this conference was actually devoted to commemorate the letter of Fiorini, who was
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: died recently. He was
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: pioneer in this field, and led the choir since the beginning, and was also my professor.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is what the cryo stuff looks like you have to keep it extremely low. Temperature 7 milli, Kelvin.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for very long time. I believe this is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in fact, the coldest cubic meter in the universe
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: do that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which is, you know, like a refrigerator that contains another refrigerator that contains another refrigerator.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 6 or 7 layers, and each one is more powerful.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Oh, exciting!
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's their data from Quora. Again, you see similar plot. You measure the total energy. There are all these spikes. You have to know what they are. And then you look in the region, and then you start.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: or you can lose weight or put more licenses together or improve
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: manage resolution.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Very positive experience. Okay?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's yes. However, one very cool thing I want to mention about this environment.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if you understand, the whole game, then, is to reject the backgrounds, all those reductive backgrounds. You need to know what they are.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And they had this one background that they couldn't figure out what it was.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and which was, periodically changing with a short frequency
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fractions of Hertz, and they eventually
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: realized that what they were measuring were storms. So the detector is located here in the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: national map in the middle of Italy there are seeds on the 2 sides.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and they could very well correlate this. The disturbance they were seeing with storms in the 2 cities.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So what's happening is there are storms, there are waves, the waves, a pinch
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: on the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: continental crust and shape ital a little bit.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this produces vibrations in the crystals, and they measure temperatures. Incredibly
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sensitive. Experiment turns out that the dark rate is dark. Metro experiments mostly see some of that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Get it over.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, but no signal discovered by anyone
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: somewhat similar with the tweets in Beta came
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: experiments
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this. One looks for a single data decay, not a double data decay. So this is standard you know, nuclear process.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Again, this is the continuous energy spectrum of the emitted electron.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It turns out,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: normally. This is calculated by neglecting the mass of the neutrino, because it's so small. But you can, in the calculation easily keep the mass of the neutrino in place, and then this slightly distorts
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: curve, and in particular distorts it near the endpoint. So you see the large 13 here, if the mesopen tree is 0, you have the cyan line, but if you have a tiny massive tree, the curve drops bitterly.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: See? So that's what you're looking for. In this example
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you measure the energy direction very precisely, and you try to map the shape of the curve near the end point. Try to see
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it is distorted
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the every.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are a few other candidates, but
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the main one is trixium good for this, which is an isotope of hydrogen
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's chosen because the Q virus. So the energy release is small, which means more events near the endpoints increase statistics, and also treats them with super simple
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: object, because it's just hydrogen with 2 more neutrons. So you can do nuclear fibrillation connections. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so one experiment was reported of this kind of decay. It's called Capri. It's based in Germany.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the custom experiment looks like this. You have the source of treating over here, which is the gas form
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: shoots out electrons, then the electrons are carried
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to the right when they enter the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the. The main part of the permit is this spec very delicate spectrometer that they have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which idiotically carries, moves the electrons around using magnetic field
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: allows very precise measurement of the energy. And there's a famous picture of the spectrometers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It was being carried into the lab by land at the very
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we do the houses.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's their results. So the funny thing about this experiment is that you understand? You measure the shape of the curve, and you have the massive intrins of parameter, and you try to fit it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and it always comes up mad.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: slightly negative.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The bunch of these experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for example, the best value for the spread is minus 1 13 electrical scale.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then you have endless meetings to understand what that means.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I don't think it means much, anyway. Is this an iceberg to see
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: peaks below 0?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But what you can understand is that if the best fit is negative, that means certainly the value cannot be too positive.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so what you can do is put and upload it
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: on the master build trailer. That's what they do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And as you see, that's the limit for patching, it's as I said, less than one electric
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at 20% confidence now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And now we move on
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to solar nutrients.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So solar neutrinos come from the sun.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they're married. They're married. They are mainly Ue.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: When they're generated in the site with a little bit of empty Ue.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We know very well how many they should be, because why does the sun emit no tree? That's for the same reason that it shows it's thermonuclear.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fusion processes within the sun that release the energy and release the light and release the neutrinos at the same time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because we know very well how much light is coming out from the sun, because we see
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we're also not very aware how many of your triage.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that's the spectrum of the Neutrinos coming from the sun. This is a large scale, so most of them belong to this Ppe reaction that has low energy
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: half a week.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then you have some lines from the radium, a continuing curve from the bottom 8 to the fingers, and some other processes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So for a long time there was a deficit in the measurement of these neutrinos, so you measure them on the earth, and you see less than they should be.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we now know what's going on. What's going on is that we start this new needs, but they turn into a superposition of new news and new talents
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: partially on the way to the earth, and, as a matter of fact, most of the isolation happens.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: not in the empty space, but within the sun.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: due to enhancement to the electrons present inside.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so, if your detector is not ready to detect the new muse and new towers with only the new ease. Then you think there's deficit.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but we now know what's what's happening.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So solid fields are well understood, but we always look to more precisely measure the parameters.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And also there is one interesting thing which is, as you've seen, this plot. So what you have here is the probability of survival
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of electrons, probability that the new E is still a new E
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when you measure it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there's a function of the energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We have some measurements at one movie, and we have some measurements at 10 will be.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But there are no measurements in
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at 3 meetings.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: She's a pity, because precise way, in which the probability rises. Going to the left is model dependent.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there's a standard model prediction. But there are modifications. So one of the tasks that we have is to measure the premiums here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and see which of these curves is correct, and that breaks the degeneracy of different models.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The 1st part of the conference was about Italy that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: ended in 2021.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this is a historic experiment that measured it's called Boroximo, because it was mainly aimed at the bar and 8,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the trainers, right? So lots of different things. The packer looks like this. So it's
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 278 tons of liquid sinculator
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: peace all around.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this is a picture of what it actually looks like. It's now decommissioned.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is an experiment that reached the highest level. Already purity. Set the standards for everyone else.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Good evening.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is kind of, for example, the spectrum that they measure. As you can see. They measure all the components, the PP neutrinos, the beryllium neutrinos, the coordinate neutrinos.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They even measured Cno. This was the 1st measurement of Cno. So, as you know, stars
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: low mass. Stars, like the sun, may be burned via the ppe process.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Fusion of 2 protons, but higher mass stars undergo the Cno
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: cycle where you capitalize the process using carbon, nitrogen, oxygen.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But there's a little bit of Cno in the sun as well, and they could measure how much.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that's great. Another thing they measure, for example, is this plot at the bottom? This shows the flux of sort of trainers as a function of base.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and it's fascinating because the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: orbit of the earth is an ellipse
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: on the side, so sometimes it closes a little bit further.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They look at different classes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but there is no further oscillation on top of that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: would result from other effects which already started.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One giant in this field is the super experiment. This is hosted in Japan since almost 30 years now very long lived. It's a very large tank that contains 50,000 tons of water.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and it's line overall is online with.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so what happens is, if you have an attorney entering the pad, it produces a charged laptop, and if the charge laptop is relativistic.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it will by charity.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it will produce a ring of light. And that's what you measure. And this plot in the middle kind of show what an electron looks like. Electron makes Fisa ring
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: what the new one looks like, which is like a crisp ring.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: What the pi 0 looks like, which is like 2 photons living 2 wings almost on top of each other.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you can do pathway.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: super. K went through many different phases. It started in the nineties, and it was pure water. And then, recently.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is trying to find this gadolinium has been
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: progressively added to the water. The gadolinium helps in detecting neutrons.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Sk. 6 sk. 7 sk. 8 started last week.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's a shift
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: super. K also observed. Same with more sino, the electricity of the or of the orbit by the oscillations of flux.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and measured all kinds of other things, including the fact that there is no or very little symmetry between day and night. So by day the sun is high and you get solar neutrinos from the top
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: by night. This is on the other side of the planet, and you get them moving up from the bottom.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they should be the same, except the ones coming from the bottom, cross the diameter of the earth.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so, if there are matter of facts induced by the Earth, you would see a difference between the day and night scene.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But more overdue.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's the most recent global fit in the parameter space. So typically these experiments, you have this parameter space where you have theta mixed angle on one side
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the Delta Times Square. The difference in the masses of the islets of the mass eigensates of the vertical.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then a single point of that planet is correct.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They will try to see what is the point.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and you cannot find a single point. But you find phone tours, the different Chi square values. And yeah, that's the most recent
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: result is the yeah, 1.5 sigma away from the common result as everybody interacts.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And it gives you the an idea of the size of the precision that these experiments are going with those scenarios.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Alright, then we have snow plus. This is located in Canada.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This one is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: create sphere
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which contains either water or a simulator, because it went through different phases. The phases are shown here. So it began with water.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the partially food simulator needs. So the top part and simulator. The bottom part have water.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and then it went. It became
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fully load.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: dealing with simulator. So that's what's happening now. So you have the simulator and the Pm. Keys around, but then in the near future they will load to Luri
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: into the simulator, and then it will become a trimmers of the 30 k
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like mentioned before.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: these are some results from the water phase
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of the slow plus. And basically you can see here the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the tracks that they measure. So no glass has a nice feature that you can measure in ease, but also new wheels and new tabs.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so when you're only measuring E, there's deficit. But when you measure all 3 flavors, it's in perfect agreement with what we should expect.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Some will meet.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is actually what sold
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: sort of a puzzle, as it was called.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And these are some data from the scintillator phase, where you see the energy distribution of the fuel, and B from the Boron 8,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which is the highest energy bars
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of their trainer.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then I mentioned one more, which is Juno.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So Juno is an experiment that's located in China. And it's starting now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: it's been fully built.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This one has 20,000 tons of liquid simulator, also in sphere. Also with, you know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is a feature of what it looks like during assembly.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the thing with Juno it promises to. We'll see if it manages. We measure super precisely
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the engine with an incredible engine resolution that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to other
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: expiry switch in this field.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and they have super special Pmts through that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And okay, there's actually, during the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at least keep
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but this is to show you what they're planning to do. So this is
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the measurement they hope to have number of days as a function of the visible energy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And you see there is this curve. But there are these very small windows which you can only resolve if you have excellent energy, resolution, and there is information
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: due to the sub leading terms in the oscillation probability. So not the 2 flavor of probability, but the corrections would be the other parameters, so they hope to be able to measure those. Then you see, the probability of oscillation is much more complex, and it contains all different parameters.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you can constrain all of them and the procedure they hope to have you see on the oscillation parameters.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These fractions of a percent
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: after 6 years running.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's solar reference. Now, reactor inference
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: reactor neutrinos is actually very similar to solar neutrinos, because they both come from nuclear reactions.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: same kind of flux and same energy scale.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the concept here is that you build somebody view it for you,
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: nuclear power plant and like in the sun. You know the light. So you know how many neutrinos are coming out in this case, you know well the energy output of the reactor, and this also is strongly correlated to the flux of neutrinos. So you know how many neutrinos should be coming out
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: proportional to how many gigawatts of thermal power.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So these neutrinos come from, because you know, you have
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: fission fragments which are neutron rich, so that they make anti
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in the range of a few Mvs typically, the peak is at 4 mv, so you're looking for a 4 Mv. Antiv.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the other thing you may detect because it produces a positron and the neutron, and you try to capture the neutron under the meaning, if possible. So you have a prompt signal from the positron, and a slightly delayed signal from another meaning capture. That's what your signal looks like.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are a bunch of experiments on the wrap in the field, but I think the main one is 5 a.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which is hospital in China. And it so there is this site in China that has.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like 7 different reactors. And they also have, like 7 different detectors, which are located at different distances, and they can be moved on rain.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you can measure the flux of different positions with different, I mean, with functionally identical but different detector that you can solve.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that gives you a hold on the signal pairs.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So that day was the 1st experiment to measure theta 1, 3, which was the last mixing angle to be measured because it's smaller.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's harder to measure. These patients are less
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: powerful so that they get the discovery of 2, 1, 3, and then, like 2 weeks later, another experiment measured it real.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and they only got the Confirmation
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because they were 2 weeks late.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And that's the parameter space, because I'm free versus Delta M for this oscillation. And what you see in this plot is, the probability is a function of ratio l. Over E. So this should be a
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: oscillation, and they can map it because they have different distances.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and yes, very well matched.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so this plot is a global comparable for different experiments, measuring T. 1, 3.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as you see, there is, I would say, actually very good agreement with a couple of Sigma, among many different experiments and different techniques.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the dominant measures. By the way, likewise, this is the measurements of the Delta M.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Decent agreement between the different experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Right? So nothing revolutionary came out of here. But you know ever better precision.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So now we move up in energy and we're going to utmostrations.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this come from
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the cosmic rays. So you know, you have. The cosmic rays are in the outer space, the photos
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when they come into the when they touch
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the earth's atmosphere, the proton interacts and makes a bunch of ions and the pions that came to Muons and Neutrinos come out. So we have these neutrinos which are born in the atmosphere.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The spectrum
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: looks like this. So it peaks at around one gb.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's the typical energy scale, and then it falls with a power law.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But the expense, as you see, you can go up to 10 to the 5G, so those are pretty high energy, right?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Hundreds of Tvs.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The interesting thing is that the trail length varies a lot. Because if you get those second trios from the top.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: All they did was cross maybe 8 kilometers away.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which, if you get a prospective neutrinos from the bottom.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they crossed
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 12 HA cloud or so.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Sorry.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the length is very different from what the average is.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so you can probe the solution.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Super K does excellent measurements of neutrinos. You may look for upwards neutrinos, because these are new news, and you look for a new one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But if you look for downwards, going, meaning, you have a large backbone which are just the cosmic ray universe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whereas if you look for upwards for years, no conflict can make it 3 years.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so that must be in the truth.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there is much less background view for the apples
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: colors.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Super K builds a large number of different samples depending on how much energy there is, whether it looks like an electron or a new one. What's the angle?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: How many weeks there are in events and things like that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: All these samples are fitted at the same time, as you see, there is in all of them outstanding agreement
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: account data.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then recently neutral, was added, this does help
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the separation between the tree and empty and true.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because in one case you get the literature and the other you don't
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so, as you see, it allows to move the reconstructed energy on top of the true energy and improves
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the performance of the experiment. And these are some new
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: samples that have been added since the millennium was loaded into the water. So in these samples there's neutral or no neutral.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this gives you extra constraints.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Right? So in this plot on the right, you see the Delta city
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: value. And basically, when you go from, continue to the dash line. That's improvement granted by the gadolinium.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which is not very much right now. But the statistics, you know, there is 5 years for the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with the design and
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 3 years on the benchmark.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: probably, if you continue to take data, then we'll move through the cloud.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And the
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: yeah. Anyway, this is what we know now from sk on data. Cp.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so what you see here, what is the value of Delta City? The lowest Chi square is at Pi over 2 minus pi over 2. So that would mean maximum safety violation.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But next, should you say? Yes?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Well, at, you know, 3 sigma, it would be 0.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So we really don't know yet there is a hint. The Delta Cp.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: With maximal.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's not been scored yet.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this is similar to before. It's a male over E analysis where you try to fit the oscillation profile.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: As I said, there are many different ways, so you can do that very effectively, and this is useful, it allows to.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So if if the 3 oscillations are the explanations for what you measure, then you have this continuous curve that very well fits the data. Other models have been compacted, for example.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: neutrino decay.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but that gives no oscillation, and that's the red curve. So that's discarded. So you can reject
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: stupid to theorize.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is a global pit link for demonstrating field of parameters, you know, from a bunch of different experiments.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Typical 3. We don't know whether it's above or below point 5.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The met ordering the normal ordering is slightly favored.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so the the cost is a bit lower.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: no preference at 2 sigma.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so we still don't know.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that Cp
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: receivable
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: right
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: now a lot of baseline experiments that's yet another category somewhat related to the most regular trainers
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in this one you do the following, you create a beam typically of new neutrinos somewhere
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: by shooting protons on the target, making items that they know all these new materials.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Then you let the neonatrinos rhyme
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: some portion of the earth, and then on the other side, where they come out you have. So you have a near detector here to see what the beam looks like at the beginning, and then you have a larger, more sensitive heart detector here.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: where you measure them again. You compare the 2 measurements and try to see if they've changed.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you started with the news, you end up with some amount of release.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are several experiments to prove that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: one of them is T. 2 K. With which
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the Uk is heavily involved.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is located in Japan. It's been running for a long time.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this one uses Super K as the fire detector. So you have the beam. A near detector complex, then 300 kilometers, one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the amount of hardware factor which is super good
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you look for. So there are 2 categories. You look for either disappearance of the news or appearance of the news. That's 2 complementary ways to do the same thing. So in the disappearance case the statistics is very large because you start with immies.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you get more events.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: However, if they disappear, you are not fully sure of what happened to them.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You only know they've gotten this apps
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in the appearance case. You look for the guys that turn into leads.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The statistics is much lower. It's a handful of us.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but if you see them, you know what happened to them, namely, that they became news.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there's more information. But other.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: hey?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So Titocaine has a mirror detector that is just a mess don't like it. It's a congregation of like 17 different detectors, all of them with different material, with a different technique. Some of them are architecture chambers. Some of them are simulator, some of them are
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whatever. None of them is the same as a product. None of them is attractive.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so that makes it exceedingly difficult to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: compare the 2 classes.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: But anyway.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so in the near factor, you have a bunch of samples like this. Once again, you measure, you know, different topological samples depending on how many
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: piles and how many photos there are there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: We compare them on how much of the data there's
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: agreement. Then you go to the fire detector, you also, which is super key. You also run some selections depending on whether it looks like a mule or electron, and how many rings there are
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I didn't mention. You can run this experiment with a neutrino beam or with an ice cream tree.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you have control over that. And then you can compare behavior. And that tells you about the data speed.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: whether it be validated or not.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And these are the latest results of the isolation analysis from T. 2 K.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Here, you see, once again, we try to figure out what is the value of Delta Cp, there's a minimum
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: at maximum violation in the Delta Chi square. But
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Cp conserving values are within the 2 Sigma unit.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So like before, we do not conclude, yet
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: they try to measure the octant. So whether
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 2, 33 is below or above 45 degrees.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: there is like reference for the higher value.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but no strong conclusion. Yet
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we keep accumulating statistics. So one thing to mention about T. 2 K. Is that it's being upgraded quite violently.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The beam line is being made more powerful largely through higher repetition rates. You get
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: art statistics
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and more than 3 months out. And this is kinda shows
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how the Plt. The number of photos on target is having to increase over time. Thanks to these improvements
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as well as does the power in megawatts.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this will continue, this will be used by hybrid training.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Also, there's there have been a bunch of upgrades to the learning sector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Some because they weren't. So they added some new ones.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you know, they added some new later blocks that are very highly segmented, so you can do very precise measurements of position.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And I added, some other detectors
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: kind of on the side of the beam line in order to catch particles that come out at large angle.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Yeah, so let's started. Now
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: we we started that meeting.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I don't have Nova.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which is a similar concept. It's a long baseline environment. This one is located in the United States.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The beam is, you start the formula, you generate the beam formula, you have a new detector there, and then you have a fire detector in Minnesota.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The run is longer.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's 800 kilometers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and so correspondingly, the energies are higher.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as I mentioned at the beginning, because you're looking for the same oscillation pointers?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So they measure the manufacturer, then measure the architecture related for deep disappearance, and that allows you to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: measured destination parameters so Nova and T. 2 K are complementary. They have different technology. So Nova uses these bars of plastic simulator with the fiber inside to catch the light. And then it's right out at one end, whereas T. 2 K is uses super K. So it's a charge. Nova. The nearest architecture are the same.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which makes it much easier to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to understand. You might be in the details
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: also, because the the Nova baseline is longer.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are more matter of facts, because you cross more matter on the way.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this has some implication, for parameters can include. So Nova is more sensitive to the ordering and less sensitive to the density phase, so that the complementary and the joint analysis is running. Now.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: certificate Nova because they contribute
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the more powerful the job
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Nova also selects different events, charge interaction, new new or neutral current interactions
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: where you don't get the luxury of view.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And this is what the reservations look like.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So the new mu and anti new samples. As you see, you have hundreds
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: of events.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's a disappearance channel.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And then, in the new case.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you have 181, or only 32 events in the anti-e-k anti neutrinos are
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: harder to savvy than the trails.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These are probably 12 doses are positive. And
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this list of problems we have to do this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that's a final feat
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: by Nova. In the browser space.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There is. There are different experiments on that plot, as you see, ice cube super, KT. 2 K. Nova minus.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They'll agree.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There is no obvious tension between the different layers.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And yeah, this dark line with the green side is the latest over 2024 value. It's shrunk a lot, but it's an agreement.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and we'll have dune.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: View is a future experiment doesn't exist yet.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That will also be hosted in the United States. It also starts at formula, then shoots business over here and shoots a beam, and this time it's 1,300 kilometers, and it's even longer run even more matter of facts, even higher energy. As a matter of fact, doing uses a broad
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: energy because they hope to see the oscillation maximum, and also the second oscillation maximum.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So which has complementary information, the technology of dune is a little bit harder.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you. You make a time production chamber with liquid as a medium.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And what this gives you? Well, it's a risky thing to do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: large liquid detectors have not been built yet. This is the largest.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so you're never quite sure that it works if you do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but what it promises to do is to have very good space resolution. So whenever you have an interaction, you really see super nice tracks
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: that you see, you can see all the data is coming out and the fragments and hopefully.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: although I think it has to be proved. In fact.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can get much more information out of similar events to see on the leaders.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Alright, so do.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There are 2 possible detect to the choices for the fire detector. Well, it it's Tpc.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but it could be horizontal drift, so particle, drifting this way or vertical drift with particles drifting this way.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The vertical one is easier
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: to do, so
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: is much more so you can add more of this.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but the 1st one should be with the virtual drift. Then, if it works well, and if they're up to it.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you may add the proposal.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The new sector
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Also has a bunch of sub detectors. So there is a liquid Argon part that matches the car detector, and then there are some other. There is one that moves on rail. The idea here is that if you have detector that moves you can.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: You can be in the center of the beam, where the statistics is large, or you can move off axis, as one says.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which seems like a very stupid idea.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because you move away from the beam, you reduce the statistics right.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which is true, but it so happens that
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the beam also becomes more monochromatic
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as you move out of the axis, and also the backgrounds are reduced. So because you need the energy in the, you need to wear the energy in the oscillation formula. So there are advantages in going up axis. And so you can probe different of axis value with this moving detector.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that gives you extra
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: information.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Hence.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so the unit is being built.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They promise to start
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: being physics in
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: physics in 2029 being physics in 2021.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I believe these numbers keep changing.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: One thing they have for every transaction.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 5 min.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 1230.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, there's a protogene, which is a prototype that was hosted at cern which was running liquid. Argon. Let's real quick. Then we have hypercane, which is in Japan.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and this is kind of the evolution of Super K
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: with a detector that is 8 times bigger than square feet
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: in a similar place.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Largest
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: world's largest human made cover. It looks like this, and I was in there, and you know, like 6 months ago, and by now it's like twice as big
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: moving very fast, and they should start earlier than June.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: thousands of Pmts. Which are being tested in Japan, and we also have in hyperk a movable detector kind of like the one you do, which is a small charcoal detector mounted on an elevator which should move up and down and drop different axis angles.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Okay, it will measure everything amazingly. These are promises. Astrophys penetrates.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These are the trails coming from outside the solar system.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And oh, what did I do?
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I can try to.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I do that. So
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: These neutrinos.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you know, when the newspapers come out
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: back to
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: most of the energy comes out of the supernoa comes out in little trinos.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: but
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So, rather than waiting for a single supernova, you can catch the neutrinos accumulation of neutrinos emitted by all the supernovae exploded in the history of the universe.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and that's called diffuse. No trigger background.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: share.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This was never measured before. But now we have a hint.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: That's
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: I want to switch it off again. These guys over here. See, there is a small excess in the few and tens of entities.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and those are 1st things. I spectacular 2.3 sigma access.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: correct.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: There's a random experiment on this which is called Iceki, because it's in sample.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's a great experience where you load these strings of light detectors in the ice
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and look for light generated.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It's overall like a cubic
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: kilometer volume. Reach to their device.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Events look like this. Right. So the color here is the time. I believe the red is the earlier. So the particles moving to the right.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you can get the direction
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: you look for. Either you look for nuance moving upwards, or you use the top portion of the detector as a beto to reject constant nuance. You can measure the spectrum of these astrophysical neutrinos. They go to very large energies. Pvs. Now
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the largest one. It's a power load, but they see a king
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: 1st indications of a kink and the power law for these guys.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This is a very cool thing. This is our different images of our galaxy in the optical in the gamma ray in the 5 0 distribution. And now we have for the 1st time neutrino image of the galaxy.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the ice cube, and they all match, and they should.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: They also do not constructive trios. We'll go into that. Another one is Km. 3 net. This is the smart version of ice cube. Because why don't? It was helpful when you can go to the Liter any Mc.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So they have light sensors in different places in the Mediterranean Sea. There is one in Greece, there is one in Sicily, Southern Italy, and there's 1 in France in front of Marseille. They load them into the water, and they use the sea
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: as the medium to generate light. They have an orca and an archa. One is bigger and used can detect higher energy
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: particles. They can measure the N over E
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: for the atmosex trinos and type the parameters. One interesting thing I want to measure. So they measured 110 million events, and this is the number of Pmts. This kind of the energy in this direction. Out of a hundred 1 million events there was one.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: It is widely out of scale single event rarely talk about single event. This one is so interesting
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: so they don't know very well the energy, because the detector will not calibrate it to those energies, but it's something like 1050 degrees
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: all the strength side. All the strings saw a very large peak.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And what do particles do with such energies we don't really know. So you know, lower energies, they continuously
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: news line, like through idealization or bramstron, or something like that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: This one. What it did is it went cool, like 3 discrete, very large
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: commissions. This is a function
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: position on the ground.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: If you
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: last one Geo. Neutrinos, this is a new field. Geo. Neutrinos, coming from several units, didn't exist 10 years ago, I mean, neutrinos existed, but the field didn't exist, but now we're able to measure them
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: like. In other cases. We know how many should come out, because we know how much energy is coming out of the earth.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: because we can imagine the temperature gradients with small
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: boreholes near the surface. We nobody gets to the middle of the earth.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: The trainers will come out.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So this energy comes out due to radioactive decays, mainly the uranium and thorium
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: chase.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: And so what you get out like interactive neutrinos is empty release. And you hope to see a positron and the delayed neutron signal from the capture of the volume. For example.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: this is a mapping of where we expect geologists. Where do they expect most of the neutrinos to come out, because you know, different places on the surface of the earth
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: have different mental configuration on that.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So there.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: when you measure the energy penetrators, there are simulations you expect to see, basically
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: the thorium peak at lower energy. And then the uranium peak at higher energy. So the game here is you measure these neutrinos, you see.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: Let me look at the next slide, please.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: So you measure this peak, and then this peak.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and the relative height of those, or the area under those 2 peaks tells you
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: how much uranium and how much thorium there is in the earth.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: which you know has implications for geology.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and there are 2 experiments that have now measured. Geo. Trailer was a common sense that I mentioned before.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and Borxino that I also mentioned before. And this is kind of let me just show you what an event looks like in Boroxino. So that's the blue curve. The rest is background. You see, there are these 2 peaks where there are 30 lands here. So the statistics is very low, right? But we start to be able to tell how much rain and how much falling
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: under our feet.
STFC-RAL-CR03 R61: and with that I will just conclude receiving you with the list. Thank you.